Pointer networks Tensorflow2

Overview

Pointer networks Tensorflow2

原文:https://arxiv.org/abs/1506.03134
仅供参考与学习,内含代码备注

环境

tensorflow==2.6.0
tqdm
matplotlib
numpy

《pointer networks》阅读笔记

应用场景:

文本摘要,凸包问题,Roundelay 三角剖分,旅行商问题

其中包括一些Latex,github无法渲染,所以建议clone下来用Typora查看。

abstract

本文提出一种新的网络结构:输出序列的元素是与输入序列中的位置相对应的离散标记。

an output sequence with elements that are discrete tokens corresponding to positions in an input sequence.

这种问题目前可以被一些现有的方法解决:sequence-to-sequence, neural turing machines。但是这些方法不是特别适用。

本文解决的问题是sorting variable sized sequences,以及各种组合优化问题。本模型使用attention机制来解决变化尺寸的输出。

intro

RNN模型的输出维度是固定的,sequence-to-sequence模型移除了这一个限制,通过用一个RNN把输入映射为一个embedding,又用一个RNN把embedding映射到输出序列。

但是这些sequence-to-sequence 方法都是固定大小的词汇表。

例如词汇表中只存在A,B,C。那么输入

1,2,3 ----> A,B,C

1,2,3,4 ----> A,B,C,A

本文提出的框架适用于输出的词汇表大小取决于输入问题的大小

image-20211105133740833

image-20211105134312635

左图:seq-2-seq

蓝色RNN,输出一个向量。

紫色RNN,利用概率的链式法则,输出一个固定维度。

本文的贡献如下:

  1. 提出一种新的结构,称为指针网路。简单且高效
  2. 良好的泛化性能
  3. 一个TSP近似求解器

Models

sequence-to-sequence 模型

训练数据为: $$ (P,C^P) $$ 其中,$\mathcal{P}=\left{P_{1}, \ldots, P_{n}\right}$,是n个向量。$\mathcal{C}^{\mathcal{P}}=\left{C_{1}, \ldots, C_{m(\mathcal{P})}\right}$ ,n个对应的结果,$m(\mathcal{P})\in [1,n]$ 。传统的sequence-to-sequence的$\mathcal{C}^{\mathcal{P}}$是固定大小的,但是要提前给定。本文的$\mathcal{C}^{\mathcal{P}}$为n,根据输入改变。

如果模型的参数记为$\theta$,神经网络模型表达为: $$ p(C^P|P,\theta) $$ 使用链式法则,写为: $$ p\left(\mathcal{C}^{\mathcal{P}} \mid \mathcal{P} ; \theta\right)=\prod_{i=1}^{m(\mathcal{P})} p_{\theta}\left(C_{i} \mid C_{1}, \ldots, C_{i-1}, \mathcal{P} ; \theta\right) $$ 训练阶段,最大似然概率: $$ \theta^{*}=\underset{\theta}{\arg \max } \sum_{\mathcal{P}, \mathcal{C}^{\mathcal{P}}} \log p\left(\mathcal{C}^{\mathcal{P}} \mid \mathcal{P} ; \theta\right) $$ input sequence的末端加一个$\Rightarrow$,代表进入生成阶段,$\Leftarrow$代表结束生成阶段。

推断: $$ \hat{\mathcal{C}}^{\mathcal{P}}=\underset{\mathcal{C}^{\mathcal{P}}}{\arg \max } p\left(\mathcal{C}^{\mathcal{P}} \mid \mathcal{P} ; \theta^{*}\right) $$

content based input attention

对于attention机制,请查看《Neural Machine Translation By Jointly Learning To Align And Translate》阅读笔记。

对于LSTM RNN $$ \begin{aligned} u_{j}^{i} &=v^{T} \tanh \left(W_{1} e_{j}+W_{2} d_{i}\right) & j \in(1, \ldots, n) \ a_{j}^{i} &=\operatorname{softmax}\left(u_{j}^{i}\right) & j \in(1, \ldots, n) \ d_{i}^{\prime} &=\sum_{j=1}^{n} a_{j}^{i} e_{j} & \end{aligned} $$ 对于这个传统的attention机制,可以看到$u^{i}$, 是一个长度为$n$的向量。

这样的话,在解码器的每一个时间步迭代都会得到一个 n 长度的向量,可以作为指针,用于指向之前的 n 长度的序列。

Ptr-Net

所以Ptr-Net计算公式写为: $$ \begin{aligned} u_{j}^{i} &=v^{T} \tanh \left(W_{1} e_{j}+W_{2} d_{i}\right) \quad j \in(1, \ldots, n) \ p\left(C_{i} \mid C_{1}, \ldots, C_{i-1}, \mathcal{P}\right) &=\operatorname{softmax}\left(u^{i}\right) \end{aligned} $$ image-20211111103159924

image-20211111110334755

数据以 [Batch, time_steps, feature] 的形式进入编码器LSTM(绿色部分),在时间步上迭代$n$次以后,得到:

  • n 个 e [batch, units], 可以合并写为 [batch, n, units]

  • 最后一个时间步输出的 c [batch, units]

进入到解码器LSTM(蓝色部分),输入为:

  • 上次得到解码得到的的pointer,如果是第一次则为initial pointer
  • 上次的状态d,c

pointer 如何得到?计算公式如下: $$ \begin{aligned} u_{j}^{i} &=v^{T} \tanh \left(W_{1} e_{j}+W_{2} d_{i}\right) \quad j \in(1, \ldots, n) \ p\left(C_{i} \mid C_{1}, \ldots, C_{i-1}, \mathcal{P}\right) &=\operatorname{softmax}\left(u^{i}\right) \end{aligned} $$

motivation and datasets structure

文章是为了解决三种问题,凸包,Delaunay Triangulation,旅行商问题。在此只对旅行商问题进行探讨。

travelling salesman problem

给定一个城市列表,我们希望找到一条最短的路线,每个城市只访问一次,然后返回起点。此外,假设两个城市之间的距离在正反方向上是相同的。这是一个NP难问题,测试模型的能力和局限性。

数据生成:

卡迪尔坐标系(二维),$[0,1] \times[0,1]$

使用 Held-Karp algorithm 得到准确解,n最多为20。

A1,A2,A3为三种其他算法。A1,A2时间复杂度为$O\left(n^{2}\right)$,A3时间复杂度为$O\left(n^{3}\right)$。A3,Christofides algorithm 算法保证在距离最佳长度1.5倍的范围内找到解,详细信息查看原文参考文献。生成1M个数据进行训练。

image-20211111111416012

分析表格:

  1. n=5的时候,性能都很好
  2. n=10,ptr-net的性能比A1好
  3. n=50的时候,无法超过数据集性能(因为ptr-net使用不准确的答案进行训练的)
  4. 只用n少的训练,推广到大n情况,性能不太好。

对于n=30的情况,Ptr-net算法复杂度为$O(n \log n)$,远低于A1,A2,A3。却有相似的性能,说明可发展空间还是很大的。

You might also like...
Complex-Valued Neural Networks (CVNN)Complex-Valued Neural Networks (CVNN)

Complex-Valued Neural Networks (CVNN) Done by @NEGU93 - J. Agustin Barrachina Using this library, the only difference with a Tensorflow code is that y

A framework that constructs deep neural networks, autoencoders, logistic regressors, and linear networks

A framework that constructs deep neural networks, autoencoders, logistic regressors, and linear networks without the use of any outside machine learning libraries - all from scratch.

Tensors and Dynamic neural networks in Python with strong GPU acceleration
Tensors and Dynamic neural networks in Python with strong GPU acceleration

PyTorch is a Python package that provides two high-level features: Tensor computation (like NumPy) with strong GPU acceleration Deep neural networks b

Lightweight library to build and train neural networks in Theano

Lasagne Lasagne is a lightweight library to build and train neural networks in Theano. Its main features are: Supports feed-forward networks such as C

A flexible framework of neural networks for deep learning
A flexible framework of neural networks for deep learning

Chainer: A deep learning framework Website | Docs | Install Guide | Tutorials (ja) | Examples (Official, External) | Concepts | ChainerX Forum (en, ja

Fast, flexible and fun neural networks.

Brainstorm Discontinuation Notice Brainstorm is no longer being maintained, so we recommend using one of the many other,available frameworks, such as

Image-to-Image Translation with Conditional Adversarial Networks (Pix2pix) implementation in keras

pix2pix-keras Pix2pix implementation in keras. Original paper: Image-to-Image Translation with Conditional Adversarial Networks (pix2pix) Paper Author

Code samples for my book "Neural Networks and Deep Learning"

Code samples for "Neural Networks and Deep Learning" This repository contains code samples for my book on "Neural Networks and Deep Learning". The cod

Python Library for learning (Structure and Parameter) and inference (Statistical and Causal) in Bayesian Networks.

pgmpy pgmpy is a python library for working with Probabilistic Graphical Models. Documentation and list of algorithms supported is at our official sit

Releases(v0)
Owner
HUANG HAO
Program = Algorithm + Data structure
HUANG HAO
A tutorial showing how to train, convert, and run TensorFlow Lite object detection models on Android devices, the Raspberry Pi, and more!

A tutorial showing how to train, convert, and run TensorFlow Lite object detection models on Android devices, the Raspberry Pi, and more!

Evan 1.3k Jan 02, 2023
Boosting Adversarial Attacks with Enhanced Momentum (BMVC 2021)

EMI-FGSM This repository contains code to reproduce results from the paper: Boosting Adversarial Attacks with Enhanced Momentum (BMVC 2021) Xiaosen Wa

John Hopcroft Lab at HUST 10 Sep 26, 2022
A library for Deep Learning Implementations and utils

deeply A Deep Learning library Table of Contents Features Quick Start Usage License Features Python 2.7+ and Python 3.4+ compatible. Quick Start $ pip

Achilles Rasquinha 1 Dec 12, 2022
Official repository for the CVPR 2021 paper "Learning Feature Aggregation for Deep 3D Morphable Models"

Deep3DMM Official repository for the CVPR 2021 paper Learning Feature Aggregation for Deep 3D Morphable Models. Requirements This code is tested on Py

38 Dec 27, 2022
PyTorch implementation of "Learning to Discover Cross-Domain Relations with Generative Adversarial Networks"

DiscoGAN in PyTorch PyTorch implementation of Learning to Discover Cross-Domain Relations with Generative Adversarial Networks. * All samples in READM

Taehoon Kim 1k Jan 04, 2023
VR Viewport Pose Model for Quantifying and Exploiting Frame Correlations

This repository contains the introduction to the collected VRViewportPose dataset and the code for the IEEE INFOCOM 2022 paper: "VR Viewport Pose Model for Quantifying and Exploiting Frame Correlatio

0 Aug 10, 2022
Leveraging Social Influence based on Users Activity Centers for Point-of-Interest Recommendation

SUCP Leveraging Social Influence based on Users Activity Centers for Point-of-Interest Recommendation () Direct Friends (i.e., users who follow each o

Kosar 8 Nov 26, 2022
This is an open solution to the Home Credit Default Risk challenge 🏡

Home Credit Default Risk: Open Solution This is an open solution to the Home Credit Default Risk challenge 🏡 . More competitions 🎇 Check collection

minerva.ml 427 Dec 27, 2022
Pytorch Implementation of PointNet and PointNet++++

Pytorch Implementation of PointNet and PointNet++ This repo is implementation for PointNet and PointNet++ in pytorch. Update 2021/03/27: (1) Release p

Luigi Ariano 1 Nov 11, 2021
MIRACLE (Missing data Imputation Refinement And Causal LEarning)

MIRACLE (Missing data Imputation Refinement And Causal LEarning) Code Author: Trent Kyono This repository contains the code used for the "MIRACLE: Cau

van_der_Schaar \LAB 15 Dec 29, 2022
Official implementation of NeurIPS'21: Implicit SVD for Graph Representation Learning

isvd Official implementation of NeurIPS'21: Implicit SVD for Graph Representation Learning If you find this code useful, you may cite us as: @inprocee

Sami Abu-El-Haija 16 Jan 08, 2023
An implementation of the proximal policy optimization algorithm

PPO Pytorch C++ This is an implementation of the proximal policy optimization algorithm for the C++ API of Pytorch. It uses a simple TestEnvironment t

Martin Huber 59 Dec 09, 2022
Rethinking Portrait Matting with Privacy Preserving

Rethinking Portrait Matting with Privacy Preserving This is the official repository of the paper Rethinking Portrait Matting with Privacy Preserving.

184 Jan 03, 2023
Instance Semantic Segmentation List

Instance Semantic Segmentation List This repository contains lists of state-or-art instance semantic segmentation works. Papers and resources are list

bighead 87 Mar 06, 2022
Code & Models for Temporal Segment Networks (TSN) in ECCV 2016

Temporal Segment Networks (TSN) We have released MMAction, a full-fledged action understanding toolbox based on PyTorch. It includes implementation fo

1.4k Jan 01, 2023
MultiSiam: Self-supervised Multi-instance Siamese Representation Learning for Autonomous Driving

MultiSiam: Self-supervised Multi-instance Siamese Representation Learning for Autonomous Driving Code will be available soon. Motivation Architecture

Kai Chen 24 Apr 19, 2022
Code repo for "Transformer on a Diet" paper

Transformer on a Diet Reference: C Wang, Z Ye, A Zhang, Z Zhang, A Smola. "Transformer on a Diet". arXiv preprint arXiv (2020). Installation pip insta

cgraywang 31 Sep 26, 2021
Hypernetwork-Ensemble Learning of Segmentation Probability for Medical Image Segmentation with Ambiguous Labels

Hypernet-Ensemble Learning of Segmentation Probability for Medical Image Segmentation with Ambiguous Labels The implementation of Hypernet-Ensemble Le

Sungmin Hong 6 Jul 18, 2022
PyTorch implementation for our paper Learning Character-Agnostic Motion for Motion Retargeting in 2D, SIGGRAPH 2019

Learning Character-Agnostic Motion for Motion Retargeting in 2D We provide PyTorch implementation for our paper Learning Character-Agnostic Motion for

Rundi Wu 367 Dec 22, 2022
A machine learning benchmark of in-the-wild distribution shifts, with data loaders, evaluators, and default models.

WILDS is a benchmark of in-the-wild distribution shifts spanning diverse data modalities and applications, from tumor identification to wildlife monitoring to poverty mapping.

P-Lambda 437 Dec 30, 2022