Pre-training with Extracted Gap-sentences for Abstractive SUmmarization Sequence-to-sequence models

Overview

PEGASUS library

Pre-training with Extracted Gap-sentences for Abstractive SUmmarization Sequence-to-sequence models, or PEGASUS, uses self-supervised objective Gap Sentences Generation (GSG) to train a transformer encoder-decoder model. The paper can be found on arXiv. ICML 2020 accepted.

If you use this code or these models, please cite the following paper:

@misc{zhang2019pegasus,
    title={PEGASUS: Pre-training with Extracted Gap-sentences for Abstractive Summarization},
    author={Jingqing Zhang and Yao Zhao and Mohammad Saleh and Peter J. Liu},
    year={2019},
    eprint={1912.08777},
    archivePrefix={arXiv},
    primaryClass={cs.CL}
}

Results update

We train a pegasus model with sampled gap sentence ratios on both C4 and HugeNews, and stochastically sample important sentences. The updated the results are reported in this table.

dataset C4 HugeNews Mixed & Stochastic
xsum 45.20/22.06/36.99 47.21/24.56/39.25 47.60/24.83/39.64
cnn_dailymail 43.90/21.20/40.76 44.17/21.47/41.11 44.16/21.56/41.30
newsroom 45.07/33.39/41.28 45.15/33.51/41.33 45.98/34.20/42.18
multi_news 46.74/17.95/24.26 47.52/18.72/24.91 47.65/18.75/24.95
gigaword 38.75/19.96/36.14 39.12/19.86/36.24 39.65/20.47/36.76
wikihow 43.07/19.70/34.79 41.35/18.51/33.42 46.39/22.12/38.41 *
reddit_tifu 26.54/8.94/21.64 26.63/9.01/21.60 27.99/9.81/22.94
big_patent 53.63/33.16/42.25 53.41/32.89/42.07 52.29/33.08/41.66 *
arxiv 44.70/17.27/25.80 44.67/17.18/25.73 44.21/16.95/25.67
pubmed 45.49/19.90/27.69 45.09/19.56/27.42 45.97/20.15/28.25
aeslc 37.69/21.85/36.84 37.40/21.22/36.45 37.68/21.25/36.51
billsum 57.20/39.56/45.80 57.31/40.19/45.82 59.67/41.58/47.59

The "Mixed & Stochastic" model has the following changes:

  • trained on both C4 and HugeNews (dataset mixture is weighted by their number of examples).
  • trained for 1.5M instead of 500k (we observe slower convergence on pretraining perplexity).
  • the model uniformly sample a gap sentence ratio between 15% and 45%.
  • importance sentences are sampled using a 20% uniform noise to importance scores.
  • the sentencepiece tokenizer is updated to be able to encode newline character.

(*) the numbers of wikihow and big_patent datasets are not comparable because of change in tokenization and data:

  • wikihow dataset contains newline characters which is useful for paragraph segmentation, the C4 and HugeNews model's sentencepiece tokenizer doesn't encode newline and loose this information.
  • we update the BigPatent dataset to preserve casing, some format cleanings are also changed, please refer to change in TFDS.

Setup

create an instance on google cloud with GPU (optional)

Please create a project first and create an instance

gcloud compute instances create \
  ${VM_NAME} \
  --zone=${ZONE} \
  --machine-type=n1-highmem-8 \
  --accelerator type=nvidia-tesla-v100,count=1 \
  --boot-disk-size=500GB \
  --image-project=ml-images \
  --image-family=tf-1-15 \
  --maintenance-policy TERMINATE --restart-on-failure

install library and dependencies

Clone library on github and install requirements.

git clone https://github.com/google-research/pegasus
cd pegasus
export PYTHONPATH=.
pip3 install -r requirements.txt

Download vocab, pretrained and fine-tuned checkpoints of all experiments from Google Cloud.

Alternatively in terminal, follow the instruction and install gsutil. Then

mkdir ckpt
gsutil cp -r gs://pegasus_ckpt/ ckpt/

Finetuning on downstream datasets

on existing dataset

Finetune on an existing dataset aeslc.

python3 pegasus/bin/train.py --params=aeslc_transformer \
--param_overrides=vocab_filename=ckpt/pegasus_ckpt/c4.unigram.newline.10pct.96000.model \
--train_init_checkpoint=ckpt/pegasus_ckpt/model.ckpt-1500000 \
--model_dir=ckpt/pegasus_ckpt/aeslc

If you would like to finetune on a subset of dataset, please refer to the example of input pattern.

Evaluate on the finetuned dataset.

python3 pegasus/bin/evaluate.py --params=aeslc_transformer \
--param_overrides=vocab_filename=ckpt/pegasus_ckpt/c4.unigram.newline.10pct.96000.model,batch_size=1,beam_size=5,beam_alpha=0.6 \
--model_dir=ckpt/pegasus_ckpt/aeslc

Note that the above example is using a single GPU so the batch_size is much smaller than the results reported in the paper.

add new finetuning dataset

Two types of dataset format are supported: TensorFlow Datasets (TFDS) or TFRecords.

This tutorial shows how to add a new dataset in TFDS. (The fine-tuning dataset is expected to be supervised, please provide supervised_keys in dataset info).

Tfrecords format requires each record to be a tf example of {"inputs":tf.string, "targets":tf.string}.

For example, if you registered a TFDS dataset called new_tfds_dataset for training and evaluation, and have some files in tfrecord format called new_dataset_files.tfrecord* for test, they can be registered in /pegasus/params/public_params.py.

@registry.register("new_params")
def my_param(param_overrides):
  return public_params.transformer_params(
      {
          "train_pattern": "tfds:new_tfds_dataset,train",
          "dev_pattern": "tfds:new_tfds_dataset,validation",
          "test_pattern": "tfrecord:new_dataset_files.tfrecord*",
          "max_input_len": 512,
          "max_output_len": 128,
          "train_steps": 10000,
          "learning_rate": 0.0001,
          "batch_size": 8,
      }, param_overrides)

Evaluation metrics.

Evaluation results can be found in mode_dir. Summarization metrics are automatically calculated for each evaluation point.

  • ROUGE is the main metric for summarization quality.

  • BLEU is an alternative quality metric for language generation.

  • Extractive Fragments Coverage & Density are metrics that measures the abstractiveness of the summary.

  • Repetition Rates measures generation repetition failure modes.

  • Length statistics measures the length distribution of decodes comparing to gold summary.

Several types of output files can be found in model_dir

  • text_metrics-*.txt: above metrics in text format. Each row contains metric name, 95% lower bound value, mean value, 95% upper bound value.
  • inputs-.txt, targets-.txt, predictions-*.txt: raw text files of model inputs/outputs.

Pre-training

Pretraining (on C4 or any other corpus) requires a customly built tensorflow that includes ops for on-the-fly parsing that processes raw text document into model inputs and targets ids. Please refer to pegasus/ops/pretrain_parsing_ops.cc and pegasus/data/parsers.py for details.

Acknowledgements

Contains parts of code and design for training and evaluation of summarization models originally by Ben Goodrich [email protected].

Owner
Google Research
Google Research
Code for using and evaluating SpanBERT.

SpanBERT This repository contains code and models for the paper: SpanBERT: Improving Pre-training by Representing and Predicting Spans. If you prefer

Meta Research 798 Dec 30, 2022
Code for the paper "Flexible Generation of Natural Language Deductions"

Code for the paper "Flexible Generation of Natural Language Deductions"

Kaj Bostrom 12 Nov 11, 2022
A fast Text-to-Speech (TTS) model. Work well for English, Mandarin/Chinese, Japanese, Korean, Russian and Tibetan (so far). 快速语音合成模型,适用于英语、普通话/中文、日语、韩语、俄语和藏语(当前已测试)。

简体中文 | English 并行语音合成 [TOC] 新进展 2021/04/20 合并 wavegan 分支到 main 主分支,删除 wavegan 分支! 2021/04/13 创建 encoder 分支用于开发语音风格迁移模块! 2021/04/13 softdtw 分支 支持使用 Sof

Atomicoo 161 Dec 19, 2022
[Preprint] Escaping the Big Data Paradigm with Compact Transformers, 2021

Compact Transformers Preprint Link: Escaping the Big Data Paradigm with Compact Transformers By Ali Hassani[1]*, Steven Walton[1]*, Nikhil Shah[1], Ab

SHI Lab 367 Dec 31, 2022
wxPython app for converting encodings, modifying and fixing SRT files

Subtitle Converter Program za obradu srt i txt fajlova. Requirements: Python version 3.8 wxPython version 4.1.0 or newer Libraries: srt, PyDispatcher

4 Nov 25, 2022
GPT-3 command line interaction

Writer_unblock Straight-forward command line interfacing with GPT-3. Finding yourself stuck at a conceptual stage? Spinning your wheels needlessly on

Seth Nuzum 6 Feb 10, 2022
Python library for processing Chinese text

SnowNLP: Simplified Chinese Text Processing SnowNLP是一个python写的类库,可以方便的处理中文文本内容,是受到了TextBlob的启发而写的,由于现在大部分的自然语言处理库基本都是针对英文的,于是写了一个方便处理中文的类库,并且和TextBlob

Rui Wang 6k Jan 02, 2023
Code for the paper "Are Sixteen Heads Really Better than One?"

Are Sixteen Heads Really Better than One? This repository contains code to reproduce the experiments in our paper Are Sixteen Heads Really Better than

Paul Michel 143 Dec 14, 2022
Simple Text-To-Speech Bot For Discord

Simple Text-To-Speech Bot For Discord This is a very simple TTS bot for discord made with python. For this bot you need FFMPEG, see installation to se

1 Sep 26, 2022
Research code for the paper "Fine-tuning wav2vec2 for speaker recognition"

Fine-tuning wav2vec2 for speaker recognition This is the code used to run the experiments in https://arxiv.org/abs/2109.15053. Detailed logs of each t

Nik 103 Dec 26, 2022
Club chatbot

Chatbot Club chatbot Instructions to get the Chatterbot working Step 1. First make sure you are using a version of Python 3 or newer. To check your ve

5 Mar 07, 2022
A library for Multilingual Unsupervised or Supervised word Embeddings

MUSE: Multilingual Unsupervised and Supervised Embeddings MUSE is a Python library for multilingual word embeddings, whose goal is to provide the comm

Facebook Research 3k Jan 06, 2023
Precision Medicine Knowledge Graph (PrimeKG)

PrimeKG Website | bioRxiv Paper | Harvard Dataverse Precision Medicine Knowledge Graph (PrimeKG) presents a holistic view of diseases. PrimeKG integra

Machine Learning for Medicine and Science @ Harvard 103 Dec 10, 2022
Indobenchmark are collections of Natural Language Understanding (IndoNLU) and Natural Language Generation (IndoNLG)

Indobenchmark Toolkit Indobenchmark are collections of Natural Language Understanding (IndoNLU) and Natural Language Generation (IndoNLG) resources fo

Samuel Cahyawijaya 11 Aug 26, 2022
An Explainable Leaderboard for NLP

ExplainaBoard: An Explainable Leaderboard for NLP Introduction | Website | Download | Backend | Paper | Video | Bib Introduction ExplainaBoard is an i

NeuLab 319 Dec 20, 2022
Example code for "Real-World Natural Language Processing"

Real-World Natural Language Processing This repository contains example code for the book "Real-World Natural Language Processing." AllenNLP (2.5.0 or

Masato Hagiwara 303 Dec 17, 2022
Full Spectrum Bioinformatics - a free online text designed to introduce key topics in Bioinformatics using the Python

Full Spectrum Bioinformatics is a free online text designed to introduce key topics in Bioinformatics using the Python programming language. The text is written in interactive Jupyter Notebooks, whic

Jesse Zaneveld 33 Dec 28, 2022
Machine learning models from Singapore's NLP research community

SG-NLP Machine learning models from Singapore's natural language processing (NLP) research community. sgnlp is a Python package that allows you to eas

AI Singapore | AI Makerspace 21 Dec 17, 2022
Simple program that translates the name of files into English

Simple program that translates the name of files into English. Useful for when editing/inspecting programs that were developed in a foreign language.

0 Dec 22, 2021
AI-powered literature discovery and review engine for medical/scientific papers

AI-powered literature discovery and review engine for medical/scientific papers paperai is an AI-powered literature discovery and review engine for me

NeuML 819 Dec 30, 2022