CONTRIBUTIONS ONLY
What does this mean? I do not have time to fix issues myself. The only way fixes or new features will be added is by people submitting PRs.
Current status: Voluptuous is largely feature stable. There hasn't been a need to add new features in a while, but there are some bugs that should be fixed.
Why? I no longer use Voluptuous personally (in fact I no longer regularly write Python code). Rather than leave the project in a limbo of people filing issues and wondering why they're not being worked on, I believe this notice will more clearly set expectations.
Voluptuous is a Python data validation library
Voluptuous, despite the name, is a Python data validation library. It is primarily intended for validating data coming into Python as JSON, YAML, etc.
It has three goals:
- Simplicity.
- Support for complex data structures.
- Provide useful error messages.
Contact
Voluptuous now has a mailing list! Send a mail to [email protected] to subscribe. Instructions will follow.
You can also contact me directly via email or Twitter.
To file a bug, create a new issue on GitHub with a short example of how to replicate the issue.
Documentation
The documentation is provided here.
Changelog
See CHANGELOG.md.
Why use Voluptuous over another validation library?
Validators are simple callables: No need to subclass anything, just use a function.
Errors are simple exceptions: A validator can just raise Invalid(msg) and expect the user to get useful messages.
Schemas are basic Python data structures: Should your data be a dictionary of integer keys to strings? {int: str} does what you expect. List of integers, floats or strings? [int, float, str].
Designed from the ground up for validating more than just forms: Nested data structures are treated in the same way as any other type. Need a list of dictionaries? [{}]
Consistency: Types in the schema are checked as types. Values are compared as values. Callables are called to validate. Simple.
Show me an example
Twitter's user search API accepts query URLs like:
$ curl 'https://api.twitter.com/1.1/users/search.json?q=python&per_page=20&page=1'
To validate this we might use a schema like:
>>> from voluptuous import Schema
>>> schema = Schema({
... 'q': str,
... 'per_page': int,
... 'page': int,
... })
This schema very succinctly and roughly describes the data required by the API, and will work fine. But it has a few problems. Firstly, it doesn't fully express the constraints of the API. According to the API, per_page should be restricted to at most 20, defaulting to 5, for example. To describe the semantics of the API more accurately, our schema will need to be more thoroughly defined:
>>> from voluptuous import Required, All, Length, Range
>>> schema = Schema({
... Required('q'): All(str, Length(min=1)),
... Required('per_page', default=5): All(int, Range(min=1, max=20)),
... 'page': All(int, Range(min=0)),
... })
This schema fully enforces the interface defined in Twitter's documentation, and goes a little further for completeness.
"q" is required:
>>> from voluptuous import MultipleInvalid, Invalid
>>> try:
... schema({})
... raise AssertionError('MultipleInvalid not raised')
... except MultipleInvalid as e:
... exc = e
>>> str(exc) == "required key not provided @ data['q']"
True
...must be a string:
>>> try:
... schema({'q': 123})
... raise AssertionError('MultipleInvalid not raised')
... except MultipleInvalid as e:
... exc = e
>>> str(exc) == "expected str for dictionary value @ data['q']"
True
...and must be at least one character in length:
>>> try:
... schema({'q': ''})
... raise AssertionError('MultipleInvalid not raised')
... except MultipleInvalid as e:
... exc = e
>>> str(exc) == "length of value must be at least 1 for dictionary value @ data['q']"
True
>>> schema({'q': '#topic'}) == {'q': '#topic', 'per_page': 5}
True
"per_page" is a positive integer no greater than 20:
>>> try:
... schema({'q': '#topic', 'per_page': 900})
... raise AssertionError('MultipleInvalid not raised')
... except MultipleInvalid as e:
... exc = e
>>> str(exc) == "value must be at most 20 for dictionary value @ data['per_page']"
True
>>> try:
... schema({'q': '#topic', 'per_page': -10})
... raise AssertionError('MultipleInvalid not raised')
... except MultipleInvalid as e:
... exc = e
>>> str(exc) == "value must be at least 1 for dictionary value @ data['per_page']"
True
"page" is an integer >= 0:
>>> try:
... schema({'q': '#topic', 'per_page': 'one'})
... raise AssertionError('MultipleInvalid not raised')
... except MultipleInvalid as e:
... exc = e
>>> str(exc)
"expected int for dictionary value @ data['per_page']"
>>> schema({'q': '#topic', 'page': 1}) == {'q': '#topic', 'page': 1, 'per_page': 5}
True
Defining schemas
Schemas are nested data structures consisting of dictionaries, lists, scalars and validators. Each node in the input schema is pattern matched against corresponding nodes in the input data.
Literals
Literals in the schema are matched using normal equality checks:
>>> schema = Schema(1)
>>> schema(1)
1
>>> schema = Schema('a string')
>>> schema('a string')
'a string'
Types
Types in the schema are matched by checking if the corresponding value is an instance of the type:
>>> schema = Schema(int)
>>> schema(1)
1
>>> try:
... schema('one')
... raise AssertionError('MultipleInvalid not raised')
... except MultipleInvalid as e:
... exc = e
>>> str(exc) == "expected int"
True
URLs
URLs in the schema are matched by using urlparse library.
>>> from voluptuous import Url
>>> schema = Schema(Url())
>>> schema('http://w3.org')
'http://w3.org'
>>> try:
... schema('one')
... raise AssertionError('MultipleInvalid not raised')
... except MultipleInvalid as e:
... exc = e
>>> str(exc) == "expected a URL"
True
Lists
Lists in the schema are treated as a set of valid values. Each element in the schema list is compared to each value in the input data:
>>> schema = Schema([1, 'a', 'string'])
>>> schema([1])
[1]
>>> schema([1, 1, 1])
[1, 1, 1]
>>> schema(['a', 1, 'string', 1, 'string'])
['a', 1, 'string', 1, 'string']
However, an empty list ([]) is treated as is. If you want to specify a list that can contain anything, specify it as list:
>>> schema = Schema([])
>>> try:
... schema([1])
... raise AssertionError('MultipleInvalid not raised')
... except MultipleInvalid as e:
... exc = e
>>> str(exc) == "not a valid value @ data[1]"
True
>>> schema([])
[]
>>> schema = Schema(list)
>>> schema([])
[]
>>> schema([1, 2])
[1, 2]
Sets and frozensets
Sets and frozensets are treated as a set of valid values. Each element in the schema set is compared to each value in the input data:
>>> schema = Schema({42})
>>> schema({42}) == {42}
True
>>> try:
... schema({43})
... raise AssertionError('MultipleInvalid not raised')
... except MultipleInvalid as e:
... exc = e
>>> str(exc) == "invalid value in set"
True
>>> schema = Schema({int})
>>> schema({1, 2, 3}) == {1, 2, 3}
True
>>> schema = Schema({int, str})
>>> schema({1, 2, 'abc'}) == {1, 2, 'abc'}
True
>>> schema = Schema(frozenset([int]))
>>> try:
... schema({3})
... raise AssertionError('Invalid not raised')
... except Invalid as e:
... exc = e
>>> str(exc) == 'expected a frozenset'
True
However, an empty set (set()) is treated as is. If you want to specify a set that can contain anything, specify it as set:
>>> schema = Schema(set())
>>> try:
... schema({1})
... raise AssertionError('MultipleInvalid not raised')
... except MultipleInvalid as e:
... exc = e
>>> str(exc) == "invalid value in set"
True
>>> schema(set()) == set()
True
>>> schema = Schema(set)
>>> schema({1, 2}) == {1, 2}
True
Validation functions
Validators are simple callables that raise an Invalid exception when they encounter invalid data. The criteria for determining validity is entirely up to the implementation; it may check that a value is a valid username with pwd.getpwnam(), it may check that a value is of a specific type, and so on.
The simplest kind of validator is a Python function that raises ValueError when its argument is invalid. Conveniently, many builtin Python functions have this property. Here's an example of a date validator:
>>> from datetime import datetime
>>> def Date(fmt='%Y-%m-%d'):
... return lambda v: datetime.strptime(v, fmt)
>>> schema = Schema(Date())
>>> schema('2013-03-03')
datetime.datetime(2013, 3, 3, 0, 0)
>>> try:
... schema('2013-03')
... raise AssertionError('MultipleInvalid not raised')
... except MultipleInvalid as e:
... exc = e
>>> str(exc) == "not a valid value"
True
In addition to simply determining if a value is valid, validators may mutate the value into a valid form. An example of this is the Coerce(type) function, which returns a function that coerces its argument to the given type:
def Coerce(type, msg=None):
"""Coerce a value to a type.
If the type constructor throws a ValueError, the value will be marked as
Invalid.
"""
def f(v):
try:
return type(v)
except ValueError:
raise Invalid(msg or ('expected %s' % type.__name__))
return f
This example also shows a common idiom where an optional human-readable message can be provided. This can vastly improve the usefulness of the resulting error messages.
Dictionaries
Each key-value pair in a schema dictionary is validated against each key-value pair in the corresponding data dictionary:
>>> schema = Schema({1: 'one', 2: 'two'})
>>> schema({1: 'one'})
{1: 'one'}
Extra dictionary keys
By default any additional keys in the data, not in the schema will trigger exceptions:
>>> schema = Schema({2: 3})
>>> try:
... schema({1: 2, 2: 3})
... raise AssertionError('MultipleInvalid not raised')
... except MultipleInvalid as e:
... exc = e
>>> str(exc) == "extra keys not allowed @ data[1]"
True
This behaviour can be altered on a per-schema basis. To allow additional keys use Schema(..., extra=ALLOW_EXTRA):
>>> from voluptuous import ALLOW_EXTRA
>>> schema = Schema({2: 3}, extra=ALLOW_EXTRA)
>>> schema({1: 2, 2: 3})
{1: 2, 2: 3}
To remove additional keys use Schema(..., extra=REMOVE_EXTRA):
>>> from voluptuous import REMOVE_EXTRA
>>> schema = Schema({2: 3}, extra=REMOVE_EXTRA)
>>> schema({1: 2, 2: 3})
{2: 3}
It can also be overridden per-dictionary by using the catch-all marker token extra as a key:
>>> from voluptuous import Extra
>>> schema = Schema({1: {Extra: object}})
>>> schema({1: {'foo': 'bar'}})
{1: {'foo': 'bar'}}
Required dictionary keys
By default, keys in the schema are not required to be in the data:
>>> schema = Schema({1: 2, 3: 4})
>>> schema({3: 4})
{3: 4}
Similarly to how extra_ keys work, this behaviour can be overridden per-schema:
>>> schema = Schema({1: 2, 3: 4}, required=True)
>>> try:
... schema({3: 4})
... raise AssertionError('MultipleInvalid not raised')
... except MultipleInvalid as e:
... exc = e
>>> str(exc) == "required key not provided @ data[1]"
True
And per-key, with the marker token Required(key):
>>> schema = Schema({Required(1): 2, 3: 4})
>>> try:
... schema({3: 4})
... raise AssertionError('MultipleInvalid not raised')
... except MultipleInvalid as e:
... exc = e
>>> str(exc) == "required key not provided @ data[1]"
True
>>> schema({1: 2})
{1: 2}
Optional dictionary keys
If a schema has required=True, keys may be individually marked as optional using the marker token Optional(key):
>>> from voluptuous import Optional
>>> schema = Schema({1: 2, Optional(3): 4}, required=True)
>>> try:
... schema({})
... raise AssertionError('MultipleInvalid not raised')
... except MultipleInvalid as e:
... exc = e
>>> str(exc) == "required key not provided @ data[1]"
True
>>> schema({1: 2})
{1: 2}
>>> try:
... schema({1: 2, 4: 5})
... raise AssertionError('MultipleInvalid not raised')
... except MultipleInvalid as e:
... exc = e
>>> str(exc) == "extra keys not allowed @ data[4]"
True
>>> schema({1: 2, 3: 4})
{1: 2, 3: 4}
Recursive / nested schema
You can use voluptuous.Self to define a nested schema:
>>> from voluptuous import Schema, Self
>>> recursive = Schema({"more": Self, "value": int})
>>> recursive({"more": {"value": 42}, "value": 41}) == {'more': {'value': 42}, 'value': 41}
True
Extending an existing Schema
Often it comes handy to have a base Schema that is extended with more requirements. In that case you can use Schema.extend to create a new Schema:
>>> from voluptuous import Schema
>>> person = Schema({'name': str})
>>> person_with_age = person.extend({'age': int})
>>> sorted(list(person_with_age.schema.keys()))
['age', 'name']
The original Schema remains unchanged.
Objects
Each key-value pair in a schema dictionary is validated against each attribute-value pair in the corresponding object:
>>> from voluptuous import Object
>>> class Structure(object):
... def __init__(self, q=None):
... self.q = q
... def __repr__(self):
... return '<Structure(q={0.q!r})>'.format(self)
...
>>> schema = Schema(Object({'q': 'one'}, cls=Structure))
>>> schema(Structure(q='one'))
<Structure(q='one')>
Allow None values
To allow value to be None as well, use Any:
>>> from voluptuous import Any
>>> schema = Schema(Any(None, int))
>>> schema(None)
>>> schema(5)
5
Error reporting
Validators must throw an Invalid exception if invalid data is passed to them. All other exceptions are treated as errors in the validator and will not be caught.
Each Invalid exception has an associated path attribute representing the path in the data structure to our currently validating value, as well as an error_message attribute that contains the message of the original exception. This is especially useful when you want to catch Invalid exceptions and give some feedback to the user, for instance in the context of an HTTP API.
>>> def validate_email(email):
... """Validate email."""
... if not "@" in email:
... raise Invalid("This email is invalid.")
... return email
>>> schema = Schema({"email": validate_email})
>>> exc = None
>>> try:
... schema({"email": "whatever"})
... except MultipleInvalid as e:
... exc = e
>>> str(exc)
"This email is invalid. for dictionary value @ data['email']"
>>> exc.path
['email']
>>> exc.msg
'This email is invalid.'
>>> exc.error_message
'This email is invalid.'
The path attribute is used during error reporting, but also during matching to determine whether an error should be reported to the user or if the next match should be attempted. This is determined by comparing the depth of the path where the check is, to the depth of the path where the error occurred. If the error is more than one level deeper, it is reported.
The upshot of this is that matching is depth-first and fail-fast.
To illustrate this, here is an example schema:
>>> schema = Schema([[2, 3], 6])
Each value in the top-level list is matched depth-first in-order. Given input data of [[6]], the inner list will match the first element of the schema, but the literal 6 will not match any of the elements of that list. This error will be reported back to the user immediately. No backtracking is attempted:
>>> try:
... schema([[6]])
... raise AssertionError('MultipleInvalid not raised')
... except MultipleInvalid as e:
... exc = e
>>> str(exc) == "not a valid value @ data[0][0]"
True
If we pass the data [6], the 6 is not a list type and so will not recurse into the first element of the schema. Matching will continue on to the second element in the schema, and succeed:
>>> schema([6])
[6]
Multi-field validation
Validation rules that involve multiple fields can be implemented as custom validators. It's recommended to use All() to do a two-pass validation - the first pass checking the basic structure of the data, and only after that, the second pass applying your cross-field validator:
def passwords_must_match(passwords):
if passwords['password'] != passwords['password_again']:
raise Invalid('passwords must match')
return passwords
s=Schema(All(
# First "pass" for field types
{'password':str, 'password_again':str},
# Follow up the first "pass" with your multi-field rules
passwords_must_match
))
# valid
s({'password':'123', 'password_again':'123'})
# raises MultipleInvalid: passwords must match
s({'password':'123', 'password_again':'and now for something completely different'})
With this structure, your multi-field validator will run with pre-validated data from the first "pass" and so will not have to do its own type checking on its inputs.
The flipside is that if the first "pass" of validation fails, your cross-field validator will not run:
# raises Invalid because password_again is not a string
# passwords_must_match() will not run because first-pass validation already failed
s({'password':'123', 'password_again': 1337})
Running tests
Voluptuous is using nosetests:
$ nosetests
Other libraries and inspirations
Voluptuous is heavily inspired by Validino, and to a lesser extent, jsonvalidator and json_schema.
pytest-voluptuous is a pytest plugin that helps in using voluptuous validators in asserts.
I greatly prefer the light-weight style promoted by these libraries to the complexity of libraries like FormEncode.
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