>>> import string
>>> string.ascii_letters
'abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ'
>>> string.ascii_lowercase
'abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz'
>>> string.ascii_uppercase
'ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ'
>>> string.digits
'0123456789'
>>> string.hexdigits
'0123456789abcdefABCDEF'
>>> string.octdigits
'01234567'
>>> string.punctuation
'!"#$%&\'()*+,-./:;<=>?@[\\]^_`{|}~'
>>> string.printable
'0123456789abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ!"#$%&\'()*+,-./:;<=>?@[\\]^_`{|}~ \t\n\r\x0b\x0c'
>>> string.whitespace
' \t\n\r\x0b\x0c'

>>> import string
>>> formatter = string.Formatter()
>>> strcmp = "my name is {name}"
>>> dct = {"name": "nick"}
>>> formatter.format(strcmp, **dct)   # use dict to format
'my name is nick'
>>> data = ("3",)   # add , to make it a tuple
>>> strcmp = "pi is about {}"
>>> formatter.format(strcmp, *data)   # use tuple to format
'pi is about 3'

>>> import string
>>> strcmp = "Hello $World"   # the default delimiter is $
>>> t = string.Template(strcmp)
>>> t.substitute({"World": "nick"})   # use dict
'Hello nick'
>>> t.substitute(World = "nick")   # use args
'Hello nick'
>>> class MyTemplate(string.Template):
...     delimiter = "^"
...
>>> strcmp = "Hello ^World"
>>> mytemplate = MyTemplate(strcmp)
>>> mytemplate.substitute(World = "nick")
'Hello nick'

>>> import re
>>> strcmp = "www.baidu.com"
>>> re.match("www", strcmp).span()   # span function to get index
(0, 3)
>>> re.match("baidu", strcmp)   # re.match only match from the beginning of the string
>>> re.search("baidu", strcmp).span()   # re.search search from all string and return the first
(4, 9)
>>> strcmp = "baidu.com/runoob.com"
>>> re.findall("com", strcmp)   # re.findall find all results and return
['com', 'com']
>>> re.findall("b(.*?).", strcmp)
['', '']
>>> re.findall("b(.*?)c", strcmp)
['aidu.', '.']

>>> import re
>>> re.split(r"\W", "hello,world")   # use regular expression
['hello', 'world']
>>> re.sub(r"Boy|Girl", "Human", "boy and girl", flags = re.I)   # re.I means ignoring apitalization
'Human and Human'
>>> re.escape(r"#$&*+-.^|~")
'\\#\\$\\&\\*\\+\\-\\.\\^\\|\\~'

>>> import difflib
>>> d = difflib.Differ()
>>> text1 = """difflib
... python version 3.7.4
... difflib version 3.7.4
... this is difflib document
... """
>>> text2 = """difflib
... python version 3.7.3
... this is difflib document
... feature: diff in linux
... """
>>> text1_lines = text1.splitlines()
>>> text2_lines = text2.splitlines()
>>>
>>> list(d.compare(text1_lines, text2_lines))
['  difflib', '- python version 3.7.4', '?                    ^\n', '+ python version 3.7.3', '?                    ^\n', '- difflib version 3.7.4', '  this is difflib document', '+ feature: diff in linux']

>>> import difflib
>>> d = difflib.HtmlDiff()
>>> text1 = """difflib
... python version 3.7.4
... difflib version 3.7.4
... this is difflib document
... """
>>> text2 = """difflib
... python version 3.7.3
... this is difflib document
... feature: diff in linux
... """
>>> text1_lines = text1.splitlines()
>>> text2_lines = text2.splitlines()
>>> with open("HtmlDiff.html", "w", encoding="utf-8") as f:   # make it a html file
...     HtmlDiff = d.make_file(text1_lines, text2_lines)
...     f.write(HtmlDiff)
...
3331

>>> import difflib
>>> s = difflib.SequenceMatcher(None, " abcd", "abcd abcd")
>>> s.find_longest_match(0, 5, 0, 9)
Match(a=0, b=4, size=5)
>>> s = difflib.SequenceMatcher(lambda x: x==" ", " abcd", "abcd abcd")
>>> s.find_longest_match(0, 5, 0, 9)
Match(a=1, b=0, size=4)
>>> s = difflib.SequenceMatcher(None, "abcd", "abd")
>>> s.get_matching_blocks()
[Match(a=0, b=0, size=2), Match(a=3, b=2, size=1), Match(a=4, b=3, size=0)]

>>> import textwrap
>>> strcmp = "Hello,World! My name is nick, l am 14 years old"
>>> textwrap.wrap(strcmp, width = 10)   # 10 for an element
['Hello,Worl', 'd! My name', 'is nick, l', 'am 14', 'years old']
>>> textwrap.fill(strcmp, width = 10)
'Hello,Worl\nd! My name\nis nick, l\nam 14\nyears old'
>>> textwrap.shorten(strcmp, width = 45)   # content over 45 will be [...]
'Hello,World! My name is nick, l am 14 [...]'
>>> textwrap.shorten(strcmp, width = 45, placeholder = "...")   # change the placeholder
'Hello,World! My name is nick, l am 14...'
>>> strcmp = """
...     hello world!
... """
>>> textwrap.dedent(strcmp)
'\nhello world!\n'
>>> strcmp = """Hello World!
... l am nick.
... l am 14 years old.
... """
>>> textwrap.indent(strcmp, " + ", lambda line: True)
' + Hello World!\n + l am nick.\n + l am 14 years old.\n'

>>> import unicodedata
>>> unicodedata.lookup('LEFT CURLY BRACKET')   # get the symbol of the description
'{'
>>> unicodedata.name("(")   # reverse to lookup
'LEFT PARENTHESIS'
>>> unicodedata.unidata_version
'13.0.0'

pip install pyreadline

>>> import readline
>>> readline.parse_and_bind('tab: complete')   # use tab to autocomplete
>>> histfile = '.pythonhistory'

>>> import codecs
>>> codecs.encode("你好")
b'\xe4\xbd\xa0\xe5\xa5\xbd'
>>> codecs.decode(b"\xe4\xbd\xa0\xe5\xa5\xbd")
'你好'
>>> codecs.getencoder("utf-8")
<built-in function utf_8_encode>
>>> codecs.getdecoder("gbk")
<built-in method decode of MultibyteCodec object at 0x0000019E080AA078>

>>> import struct
>>> struct.pack(">l", 1024)   # return a bytes containing the values packed according to the format string format
b'\x00\x00\x04\x00'
>>> struct.unpack(">lH", b'\x00\x00\x04\x00\xf0\xf0')
(1024, 61680)

>>> import datetime
>>> datetime.MINYEAR
1
>>> datetime.MAXYEAR
9999
>>> date = datetime.date
>>> date.today()
datetime.date(2019, 7, 21)
>>> date = datetime.date(2019, 7, 21)
>>> date.today()
datetime.date(2019, 7, 21)
>>> date.weekday()
6
>>> date.isocalendar()
(2019, 29, 7)
>>> date.ctime()
'Sun Jul 21 00:00:00 2019'
>>> date.strftime("%Y %d %y, %H:%M:%S")
'2019 21 19, 00:00:00'

>>> import calendar
>>> calendar.isleap(2000)   # check if it is leap year
True
>>> calendar.firstweekday()
0
>>> print(calendar.month(2019, 7))   # get the pretty calendar
     July 2019
Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa Su
 1  2  3  4  5  6  7
 8  9 10 11 12 13 14
15 16 17 18 19 20 21
22 23 24 25 26 27 28
29 30 31

>>> import collections
>>> point = collections.namedtuple("point", ["x", "y"])   # create tuple subclasses with named fields
>>> p = point(2, 1)
>>> p.x, p.y
(2, 1)
>>> deque = collections.deque(["b", "c", "d"])   # list-like container with fast appends and pops on either end
>>> deque.appendleft("a")    # much faster than original list
>>> deque.append("e")
>>> deque
deque(['a', 'b', 'c', 'd', 'e'])
>>> dd = collections.defaultdict(lambda: "None")   # dict which has an default value
>>> dd ["key-1"] = "value-1"
>>> dd["key-1"]
'value-1'
>>> dd["key-2"]   # if the key is not exist, it will return the default value instead of raising an error
'None'
>>> od = collections.OrderedDict([("a", 1), ("b", 2)])   # dict which always keeps the order
>>> od
OrderedDict([('a', 1), ('b', 2)])
>>> c = collections.Counter()   # dict subclass for counting hashable objects
>>> for i in "Hello, World":
...     c[i] = c[i] + 1
...
>>> c
Counter({'l': 3, 'o': 2, 'H': 1, 'e': 1, ',': 1, ' ': 1, 'W': 1, 'r': 1, 'd': 1})

>>> import copy
>>> origin = [1, 2, [3, 4]]
>>> copy1 = copy.copy(origin)
>>> copy2 = copy.deepcopy(origin)
>>> copy1 is copy2
False
>>> origin[2][0] = "Hello, copy"
>>> copy1   # change when origin changes
[1, 2, ['Hello, copy', 4]]
>>> copy2   # don't change when origin changes
[1, 2, [3, 4]]

>>> import pprint   # pretty print
>>> strcmp = ("hello world", {"nick": 13, "ben": 12}, (1, 2, 3, 4), [5, 6, 7, 8], "Hello pprint")
>>> pprint.pprint(strcmp)
('hello world',
 {'ben': 12, 'nick': 13},
 (1, 2, 3, 4),
 [5, 6, 7, 8],
 'Hello pprint')

>>> import enum
>>> class Seasons(enum.Enum):
...     Spring = 1
...     Summer = 2
...     Autumn = 3
...     Winter = 4
...
>>> Seasons.Spring
<Seasons.Spring: 1>
>>> @enum.unique   # don't allow same value
... class Unique(enum.Enum):
...     Nick = 13
...     Ben = 12
...     Jack = 13
...
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "<stdin>", line 2, in <module>
  File "C:\Python38\lib\enum.py", line 860, in unique
    raise ValueError('duplicate values found in %r: %s' %
ValueError: duplicate values found in <enum 'Unique'>: Jack -> Nick
>>> class Auto(enum.Enum):
...     VS = enum.auto()
...     VSCode = enum.auto()
...     Pycharm = enum.auto()
...
>>> list(Auto)   # auto is from one
[<Auto.VS: 1>, <Auto.VSCode: 2>, <Auto.Pycharm: 3>]

>>> import bisect
>>> a = [1, 2, 4, 5]
>>> bisect.bisect_left(a, 1)   # if it has the same, choose left
0
>>> bisect.bisect_right(a, 1)   # if it has the same, choose right
1
>>> bisect.bisect(a, 1)
1
>>> bisect.insort(a, 1)   # bisect and insert
>>> a
[1, 1, 2, 4, 5]
>>> bisect.insort_left(a, 2)
>>> a
[1, 1, 2, 2, 4, 5]
>>> bisect.insort_right(a, 4)
>>> a
[1, 1, 2, 2, 4, 4, 5]

>>> import heapq
>>> def heapsort(iterable):
...     h = []
...     for i in iterable:
...         heapq.heappush(h, i)   # first push all numbers
...     return [heapq.heappop(h) for i in range(len(h))]   # it was orderly extracted
...
>>> heapsort([4, 3, 6, 9, 1, 7])
[1, 3, 4, 6, 7, 9]

>>> import weakref
>>> class A:
...     def method():
...         print("A")
...
>>> def b(reference):
...     print(reference)
...
>>> c = A()
>>> d = weakref.ref(c, b)   # when c is deleted, b is called
>>> del c
<weakref at 0x000001C94E12F778; dead>

>>> import math
>>> math.ceil(1.4)   # return the smallest integer greater than or equal to x
2
>>> math.factorial(5)
120
>>> math.floor(1.6)   # return the largest integer less than or equal to x
1
>>> math.modf(1.6)   # return the fractional and integer parts
(0.6000000000000001, 1.0)
>>> math.log(8)
2.0794415416798357
>>> math.pow(2,5)   # pow in math produces float type number, pow in builtin function produces int type number
32.0
>>> math.sqrt(9)
3.0
>>> math.pi   # equal to π
3.141592653589793
>>> math.e   # constant e's value
2.718281828459045

>>> import cmath   # complex maths
>>> cmath.sin(7)
(0.6569865987187891+0j)
>>> cmath.tan(7)
(0.8714479827243188+0j)
>>> cmath.cos(7)
(0.7539022543433046-0j)

>>> import random
>>> random.random()   # from 0 to 1
0.6381052887323486
>>> random.uniform(5,6)   # from x to y
5.325285695528384
>>> random.randint(6, 9)   # include nine
9
>>> random.randrange(5, 10)   # don't include ten
9

>>> import fractions
>>> fractions.Fraction(16, -10)
Fraction(-8, 5)
>>> fractions.Fraction("-16/10")
Fraction(-8, 5)
>>> fractions.Fraction(8, 5) - fractions.Fraction(7, 5)   # fractions can do substraction
Fraction(1, 5)
>>> fractions.Fraction(1.1)   # sometimes it will be strange
Fraction(2476979795053773, 2251799813685248)
>>> fractions.Fraction(1.1).limit_denominator()   # use limit denominator to get right fraction
Fraction(11, 10)
>>> import math
>>> math.floor(fractions.Fraction(5, 3))   # it can also be combined with math module
1

>>> import decimal
>>> decimal.Decimal(2)/decimal.Decimal(3)
Decimal('0.6666666666666666666666666667')
>>> context = decimal.getcontext()
>>> context
Context(prec=28, rounding=ROUND_HALF_EVEN, Emin=-999999, Emax=999999, capitals=1, clamp=0, flags=[Inexact, Rounded], traps=[InvalidOperation, DivisionByZero, Overflow])
>>> context.prec = 5
>>> x = decimal.Decimal(2)/decimal.Decimal(3)
>>> x
Decimal('0.66667')
>>> x.sqrt()
Decimal('0.81650')
>>> x.log10()
Decimal('-0.17609')

>>> import statistics
>>> statistics.mean([1, 2, 3])
2
>>> statistics.harmonic_mean([2, 5, 10])
3.75
>>> statistics.median([2, 3, 5, 6])   # get the median of these numbers, median can not be in it
4.0
>>> statistics.median_low([2, 3, 5, 6])   # median must be in it and get the lower median
3
>>> statistics.median_high([2, 3, 5, 6])   # get the higher median
5

>>> import itertools   # itertools always return a iterator
>>> for i in zip(itertools.count(1), ["A", "B", "C"]):
...     print(i)
...
(1, 'A')
(2, 'B')
(3, 'C')
>>> for i in itertools.repeat("Hello Repeat!", 5):
...     print(i)
...
Hello Repeat!
Hello Repeat!
Hello Repeat!
Hello Repeat!
Hello Repeat!
>>> [list(g) for k, g in itertools.groupby('AAAABBBCCD')]
[['A', 'A', 'A', 'A'], ['B', 'B', 'B'], ['C', 'C'], ['D']]

>>> import functools
>>> @functools.lru_cache(None)   # None means the cache's upper limit is not limited
... def fibonacci(n):
...     if n<2:
...         return n
...     return fibonacci(n-1) + fibonacci(n-2)
...
>>> fibonacci(10)
55
>>> def add(a, b):
...     return a+b
...
>>> functools.reduce(add, range(1,100))   # add from 1 to 100
4950

>>> import operator   # substitute for builtin operator
>>> operator.lt(3, 4)   # 3<4
True
>>> operator.eq(3, 4)   # 3=4
False
>>> operator.le(3, 4)   # 3<=4
True
>>> operator.ne(3, 4)   # 3!=4
True
>>> operator.gt(3, 4)   # 3>4
False
>>> operator.ge(3, 4)   # 3>=4
False
>>> operator.abs(-10)
10
>>> operator.pow(10, 2)
100
>>> operator.concat("a", "b")
'ab'
>>> operator.contains([1, 2, 3], 2)
True
>>> operator.indexOf([1, 2, 3, 2, 1], 2)
1
>>> operator.add(1, 2)
3

>>> import pathlib
>>> p = pathlib.Path(".")
>>> list(p.glob('**/*.py'))
[WindowsPath('GETREADME.py'), WindowsPath('test.py')]
>>> p/"dir"   # use / to get further path
WindowsPath('dir')
>>> (p/"GETREADME.py").name
'GETREADME.py'
>>> p.is_absolute()
False

>>> import os.path
>>> os.path.exists(".")
True
>>> os.path.getsize("./LICENSE")
466
>>> os.path.isfile("./README.md")
True
>>> os.path.isdir("./doc")
False
>>> os.path.join("./doc", "tutorial", "basic")   # join the directory and file
'./doc\\tutorial\\basic'

>>> import glob
>>> glob.glob("*.md", recursive = True)
['README-zh-cn.md', 'README.md', 'test.md']

>>> import tempfile
>>> with tempfile.TemporaryFile() as f:
...     f.write(b"a")
...     f.seek(0)
...     f.read()
...
1
0
b'a'
>>> name = tempfile.mkstemp()   # for temporary file
>>> name
(3, 'C:\\Users\\ADMINI~1\\AppData\\Local\\Temp\\tmp___ejm5a')
>>> with open(name[1], "w", encoding="utf-8") as f:
...     f.write("Hello tempfile!")
...
15
>>> name = tempfile.mkdtemp()   # for temporary dir
>>> name
'C:\\Users\\ADMINI~1\\AppData\\Local\\Temp\\tmp5mqb0bxz'
>>> with open(name + "\\temp.txt", "w", encoding="utf-8") as f:
...     f.write("Hello tempfile!")
...
15

>>> import filecmp
>>> filecmp.cmp("examples/cmp1.txt", "examples/cmp2.txt")
True

>>> import os
>>> cmd = os.popen("python examples/fileinput_example.py examples/cmp1.txt")   # subprocess.Popen provides more features
>>> print(cmd.read())
examples/cmp1.txt | Line Number: 1 |:  1

examples/cmp1.txt | Line Number: 2 |:  2

examples/cmp1.txt | Line Number: 3 |:  3

examples/cmp1.txt | Line Number: 4 |:  4

examples/cmp1.txt | Line Number: 5 |:  5

>>> import shutil
>>> shutil.copyfile("examples/song.wav", "examples/copysong.wav")
'examples/copysong.wav'
>>> shutil.rmtree("shutil_tree")   # can delete tree has contents, os.remove can't
>>> shutil.move("examples/copysong.wav", "myapp/copysong.wav")
'myapp/copysong.wav'

>>> import linecache
>>> linecache.getline("examples/GETREADME.py", 1)   # start from one, not zero
'from sys import exit\n'

>>> import pickle   # pickle is a python-specific compression method
>>> data = [[1, "first"],
...         [2, "second"]]
>>> dumps = pickle.dumps(data)   # similar to json module
>>> dumps
b'\x80\x04\x95"\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00]\x94(]\x94(K\x01\x8c\x05first\x94e]\x94(K\x02\x8c\x06second\x94ee.'
>>> pickle.loads(dumps)
[[1, 'first'], [2, 'second']]

>>> import copyreg
>>> import copy
>>> import pickle
>>> class A:
...     def __init__(self, a):
...         self.a = a
...
>>> def pickle_a(a):
...     print("pickle A")
...     return A, (a.a,)
...
>>> copyreg.pickle(A, pickle_a)
>>> a = A(1)
>>> b = copy.copy(a)
pickle A
>>>
>>> c = pickle.dumps(a)
pickle A

>>> import zlib
>>> zlib.compress(b"Hello World!", 5)
b'x^\xf3H\xcd\xc9\xc9W\x08\xcf/\xcaIQ\x04\x00\x1cI\x04>'
>>> zlib.decompress(b'x^\xf3H\xcd\xc9\xc9W\x08\xcf/\xcaIQ\x04\x00\x1cI\x04>')
b'Hello World!'

>>> import lzma
>>> lzma.compress(b"Hello, python3!")
b"\xfd7zXZ\x00\x00\x04\xe6\xd6\xb4F\x02\x00!\x01\x16\x00\x00\x00t/\xe5\xa3\x01\x00\x0eHello, python3!\x00\x00(\x92K\xe6\x9b\xe7r&\x00\x01'\x0f\xdf\x1a\xfcj\x1f\xb6\xf3}\x01\x00\x00\x00\x00\x04YZ"
>>> lzma.decompress(b"\xfd7zXZ\x00\x00\x04\xe6\xd6\xb4F\x02\x00!\x01\x16\x00\x00\x00t/\xe5\xa3\x01\x00\x0eHello, python3!\x00\x00(\x92K\xe6\x9b\xe7r&\x00\x01'\x0f\xdf\x1a\xfcj\x1f\xb6\xf3}\x01\x00\x00\x00\x00\x04YZ")
b'Hello, python3!'

>>> import zipfile
>>> with zipfile.ZipFile("examples/g.zip") as f:   # extract zip file
...     f.extractall()
...
>>> with zipfile.ZipFile("LICENSE.zip", "a") as zip:   # create zip file
...     zip.write("LICENSE")   # use write method to write files into zip file
...

>>> import configparser
>>> config = configparser.ConfigParser()   # create an instance
>>> config.read("examples/config.ini")
['examples/config.ini']
>>> config.sections()
['python', 'java']
>>> config["python"]["type"]   # all sections has values in DEFAULT
'programming language'
>>> config["java"]["popular"]
'1'

>>> import hashlib
>>> md5 = hashlib.md5()
>>> md5.update(b"Hello World")   # use update method to join in batches
>>> md5.block_size
64
>>> md5.digest_size
16
>>> md5.hexdigest()
'b10a8db164e0754105b7a99be72e3fe5'
>>> md5.digest()
b'\xb1\n\x8d\xb1d\xe0uA\x05\xb7\xa9\x9b\xe7.?\xe5'

>>> import hmac
>>> msg = b"Hello World"
>>> secret = b"key"   # use key to encrypt
>>> h = hmac.new(secret, msg, digestmod='md5')
>>> h.hexdigest()
'432c3ea3b9a503183f3d1258d9016a0c'
>>> h.digest()
b'C,>\xa3\xb9\xa5\x03\x18?=\x12X\xd9\x01j\x0c'
>>> h2 = hmac.new(secret, b"Hello world", digestmod="md5")
>>> hmac.compare_digest(h.digest(), h2.digest())
False

>>> import secrets
>>> secrets.choice("Hello World!")   # choose one character from the string
'd'
>>> secrets.token_bytes(32)
b'\xd7\x98\xba\xc5\x18[/\xeaLx\xdb\x962\x84\xff`(7&\xe6\xae\xd4\x17n,\xc3\x9e\xb0V\x1c\x1d\x99'
>>> secrets.token_hex(16)
'335f8df0cb6dd60a3c41fdba7ccd1a0b'

>>> import os
>>> os.name
'nt'
>>> os.getcwd()   # get the working directory now
'C:\\Users\\Nick'

>>> import time
>>> time.localtime()
time.struct_time(tm_year=2019, tm_mon=7, tm_mday=29, tm_hour=12, tm_min=18, tm_sec=57, tm_wday=0, tm_yday=210, tm_isdst=0)
>>> time.ctime()
'Mon Jul 29 12:19:40 2019'
>>> time.perf_counter()
174.1987535
>>> time.sleep(1)
>>> time.strftime("%d %b %Y")
'29 Jul 2019'

>>> import logging
>>> logging.basicConfig(level = logging.INFO,format = '%(asctime)s - %(name)s - %(levelname)s - %(message)s')
>>> logger = logging.getLogger(__name__)
>>> logger.info("info")
2019-07-29 12:29:59,363 - __main__ - INFO - info
>>> logger.debug("debug")
>>> logger.error("error")
2019-07-29 12:30:26,729 - __main__ - ERROR - error
>>> logger.critical("critical")
2019-07-29 12:30:36,446 - __main__ - CRITICAL - critical
>>> logger.warning("warning")
2019-07-29 12:30:48,815 - __main__ - WARNING - warning
>>> logger.log(35, "log")   # customize the level
2019-07-29 12:31:59,758 - __main__ - Level 35 - log

>>> import getpass
>>> password = getpass.getpass()   # what you enter will not be displayed on the screen
Password:
>>> password
'xxx'
>>> getpass.getuser()
'Nick'

>>> import platform
>>> platform.machine()
'AMD64'
>>> platform.platform()
'Windows-10-10.0.18362-SP0'
>>> platform.python_compiler()
'MSC v.1929 64 bit (AMD64)'
>>> platform.python_version()
'3.9.8'
>>> platform.system()
'Windows'

>>> import os
>>> def cmd(command):
...     res = os.popen(command)
...     print(res.read())
...
>>> cmd("python examples/argparse_example.py -a 1 -b 2 --sum 1 2 3 4 -r 10 -t")
Namespace(a=1, b=2, sum=[1, 2, 3, 4], required='10', true=True)
3
10

>>> cmd("python examples/argparse_example.py --help")
usage: argparse_example.py [-h] [-a A] [-b B] [-s SUM [SUM ...]] -r REQUIRED
                           [-t]

the example parser for argparse

optional arguments:
  -h, --help            show this help message and exit
  -a A                  the a number for adding
  -b B                  the b number for adding
  -s SUM [SUM ...], --sum SUM [SUM ...]
  -r REQUIRED, --required REQUIRED
  -t, --true

>>> import errno
>>> errno.errorcode
{19: 'ENODEV', 10065: 'WSAEHOSTUNREACH', 122: 'ENOMSG', 120: 'ENODATA', 40: 'ENOSYS', 32: 'EPIPE', 22: 'EINVAL', 132: 'EOVERFLOW', 4: 'EINTR', 10068: 'WSAEUSERS', 41: 'ENOTEMPTY', 10055: 'WSAENOBUFS', 134: 'EPROTO', 10071: 'WSAEREMOTE', 10: 'ECHILD', 10062: 'WSAELOOP', 18: 'EXDEV', 7: 'E2BIG', 3: 'ESRCH', 10040: 'WSAEMSGSIZE', 10047: 'WSAEAFNOSUPPORT', 10064: 'WSAEHOSTDOWN', 10046: 'WSAEPFNOSUPPORT', 10042: 'WSAENOPROTOOPT', 16: 'EBUSY', 10035: 'WSAEWOULDBLOCK', 10056: 'WSAEISCONN', 10058: 'WSAESHUTDOWN', 9: 'EBADF', 5: 'EIO', 10041: 'WSAEPROTOTYPE', 28: 'ENOSPC', 8: 'ENOEXEC', 10037: 'WSAEALREADY', 10050: 'WSAENETDOWN', 13: 'EACCES', 42: 'EILSEQ', 20: 'ENOTDIR', 1: 'EPERM', 33: 'EDOM', 10061: 'WSAECONNREFUSED', 21: 'EISDIR', 10043: 'WSAEPROTONOSUPPORT', 30: 'EROFS', 10049: 'WSAEADDRNOTAVAIL', 111: 'EIDRM', 104: 'EBADMSG', 23: 'ENFILE', 29: 'ESPIPE', 121: 'ENOLINK', 10052: 'WSAENETRESET', 10060: 'WSAETIMEDOUT', 2: 'ENOENT', 17: 'EEXIST', 10069: 'WSAEDQUOT', 125: 'ENOSTR', 14: 'EFAULT', 27: 'EFBIG', 36: 'EDEADLOCK', 10057: 'WSAENOTCONN', 10039: 'WSAEDESTADDRREQ', 39: 'ENOLCK', 10053: 'WSAECONNABORTED', 10051: 'WSAENETUNREACH', 10070: 'WSAESTALE', 124: 'ENOSR', 12: 'ENOMEM', 10038: 'WSAENOTSOCK', 31: 'EMLINK', 34: 'ERANGE', 10054: 'WSAECONNRESET', 10048: 'WSAEADDRINUSE', 10045: 'WSAEOPNOTSUPP', 11: 'EAGAIN', 38: 'ENAMETOOLONG', 25: 'ENOTTY', 10044: 'WSAESOCKTNOSUPPORT', 137: 'ETIME', 10059: 'WSAETOOMANYREFS', 24: 'EMFILE', 139: 'ETXTBSY', 10036: 'WSAEINPROGRESS', 6: 'ENXIO', 10024: 'WSAEMFILE', 10092: 'WSAVERNOTSUPPORTED', 10067: 'WSAEPROCLIM', 10014: 'WSAEFAULT', 10093: 'WSANOTINITIALISED', 10063: 'WSAENAMETOOLONG', 10066: 'WSAENOTEMPTY', 10013: 'WSAEACCES', 10000: 'WSABASEERR', 10009: 'WSAEBADF', 10101: 'WSAEDISCON', 10004: 'WSAEINTR', 10091: 'WSASYSNOTREADY', 10022: 'WSAEINVAL', 105: 'ECANCELED', 133: 'EOWNERDEAD', 127: 'ENOTRECOVERABLE', 129: 'ENOTSUP'}

>>> import io
>>> stringio = io.StringIO()   # similar as file operation
>>> stringio.write("Hello World!")
12
>>> stringio.seek(6)
6
>>> stringio.read()
'World!'
>>> stringio.close()
>>> bytesio = io.BytesIO()
>>> bytesio.write(b"Hello World")
11
>>> bytesio.seek(0)
0
>>> bytesio.read()
b'Hello World'
>>> bytesio.close()

python socker_server.py
Connected by ('127.0.0.1', 64346)

python socket_client.py
Received b'Hello, world'

>>> import json
>>> x = json.dumps({"Nick": 13, "Ben": 10})
>>> x
'{"Nick": 13, "Ben": 10}'
>>> json.loads(x)
{'Nick': 13, 'Ben': 10}

>>> import html
>>> html.escape("As we all know, 2>1")
'As we all know, 2>1'
>>> html.unescape('As we all know, 2>1')
'As we all know, 2>1'

>>> import webbrowser
>>> webbrowser.open("www.baidu.com")
True
>>> webbrowser.open_new("www.baidu.com")
True
>>> webbrowser.open_new_tab("www.baidu.com")
True

>>> import wave
>>> f = wave.open("examples/song.wav", "rb")
>>> f.getparams()
_wave_params(nchannels=2, sampwidth=2, framerate=44100, nframes=442368, comptype='NONE', compname='not compressed')

>>> import sndhdr
>>> sndhdr.what("examples/song.wav")
SndHeaders(filetype='wav', framerate=44100, nchannels=2, nframes=442368, sampwidth=16)

>>> import imghdr
>>> imghdr.what("examples/china.jpg")
'jpeg'

>>> import colorsys
>>> colorsys.rgb_to_yiq(128, 128, 0)
(113.91999999999999, 41.177600000000005, -39.948799999999984)
>>> colorsys.rgb_to_hls(128, 128, 0)
(0.16666666666666666, 64.0, -1.0158730158730158)
>>> colorsys.rgb_to_hsv(128, 128, 0)
(0.16666666666666666, 1.0, 128)

>>> import turtle   # it can draw a five-pointed star
>>> turtle.pensize(5)
>>> turtle.pencolor("yellow")
>>> turtle.begin_fill()
>>> for _ in range(5):
...     turtle.forward(200)
...     turtle.right(144)
...
>>> turtle.end_fill()

python tkinter_example.py

>>> import typing
>>> lst = typing.List[int]   # list full of int
>>> float_lst = typing.List[float]
>>> def foo(x: float, lst: lst)->float_lst:
...     return [x*num for num in lst]
...
>>> foo(1.5, [3, 4, 5])
[4.5, 6.0, 7.5]
>>> ID = typing.NewType("ID", int)
>>> ID(70)
70

>>> import doctest
>>> doctest.testfile("../examples/doctest_example.txt", verbose=True)
Trying:
    from doctest_example import factorial
Expecting nothing
ok
Trying:
    [factorial(n) for n in range(6)]
Expecting:
    [1, 1, 2, 6, 24, 120]
ok
Trying:
    factorial(30)
Expecting:
    265252859812191058636308480000000
ok
1 items passed all tests:
   3 tests in doctest_example.txt
3 tests in 1 items.
3 passed and 0 failed.
Test passed.
TestResults(failed=0, attempted=3)

>>> import timeit
>>> timeit.timeit("[i for i in range(10000)]", number = 1000)
1.0810747999999961
>>> timeit.timeit("lst = []\nfor i in range(10000):\n    lst.append(i)", number = 1000)
1.770644500000003
>>> a = timeit.Timer("[i for i in range(10000)]")
>>> a.timeit(number = 1000)
0.9840328999999883

>>> import pdb
>>> def foo():
...     lst = []
...     for i in range(2):
...         pdb.set_trace()
...         lst.append(i)
...     return lst
...
>>> foo()
> <stdin>(5)foo()
(Pdb) p i
0
(Pdb) p lst
[]
(Pdb) n
> <stdin>(3)foo()
(Pdb) list
[EOF]
(Pdb) n
> <stdin>(4)foo()
(Pdb) r
> <stdin>(5)foo()
(Pdb) p i
1
(Pdb) p lst
[0]
(Pdb) q
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
  File "<stdin>", line 5, in foo
  File "<stdin>", line 5, in foo
  File "C:\Python37\lib\bdb.py", line 88, in trace_dispatch
    return self.dispatch_line(frame)
  File "C:\Python37\lib\bdb.py", line 113, in dispatch_line
    if self.quitting: raise BdbQuit
bdb.BdbQuit

>>> import ensurepip
>>> ensurepip.version()
'19.0.3'
>>> ensurepip.bootstrap(upgrade=True)
Looking in links: C:\Users\Nick\AppData\Local\Temp\tmpus54fm12
Requirement already up-to-date: setuptools in c:\python37\lib\site-packages (41.2.0)
Requirement already up-to-date: pip in c:\python37\lib\site-packages (19.2.3)

python -m ensurepip   # download pip
python -m ensurepip --upgrade   # upgrade pip

>>> import zipapp
>>> zipapp.create_archive("myapp", "examples/myapp.pyz")
>>> __import__("os").popen("python examples/myapp.pyz").read()   # pyz file can also be executed
'Hello, everyone!\n'

>>> import sys
>>> try:
...     1/0
... except Exception:
...     print(sys.exc_info())   # traceback.print_exc is a beautful version of sys.exc_info()
...
(<class 'ZeroDivisionError'>, ZeroDivisionError('division by zero'), <traceback object at 0x000002D8BF38A248>)
>>> sys.implementation
namespace(cache_tag='cpython-37', hexversion=50791664, name='cpython', version=sys.version_info(major=3, minor=7, micro=4, releaselevel='final', serial=0))
>>> sys.maxsize
9223372036854775807
>>> sys.platform
'win32'
>>> sys.version
'3.7.4 (tags/v3.7.4:e09359112e, Jul  8 2019, 20:34:20) [MSC v.1916 64 bit (AMD64)]'
>>> sys.exit()

>>> import dataclasses
>>> @dataclasses.dataclass
... class User:
...     name: str
...     age: int
...     def get_info(self):
...         return self.name + " is " + str(self.age) + " years old."
...
>>> pynickle = User("pynickle", 14)
>>> pynickle.get_info()
'pynickle is 14 years old.'

>>> import contextlib
>>> @contextlib.contextmanager
... def cm(name):
...     print("__enter__ cm")
...     yield "Hello," + name
...     print("__exit__ cm")
...
>>> with cm("pynickle") as value:
...     print(value)
...
__enter__ cm
Hello,pynickle
__exit__ cm
>>> with cm("pynickle") as a, cm("bob") as b:
...     print(a, b)
...
__enter__ cm
__enter__ cm
Hello,pynickle Hello,bob
__exit__ cm
__exit__ cm

>>> import abc
>>> class User(metaclass=abc.ABCMeta):
...     def hello(self, name):
...         print("Hello," + name)
...     @abc.abstractmethod
...     def unique_hello(self):
...         self.hello()
...     @property
...     @abc.abstractmethod
...     def age():
...         pass
...
>>> class UserOne(User):
...     def unique_hello(self):
...         self.hello()
...         print("l am coming!")
...     def age():
...         return "13"
...
>>> user1 = UserOne()
>>> dir(user1)
['__abstractmethods__', '__class__', '__delattr__', '__dict__', '__dir__', '__doc__', '__eq__', '__format__', '__ge__', '__getattribute__', '__gt__', '__hash__', '__init__', '__init_subclass__', '__le__', '__lt__', '__module__', '__ne__', '__new__', '__reduce__', '__reduce_ex__', '__repr__', '__setattr__', '__sizeof__', '__str__', '__subclasshook__', '__weakref__', '_abc_impl', 'age', 'hello', 'unique_hello']
>>> isinstance(user1, User)
True
>>> class UserTwo():
...     pass
...
>>> User.register(UserTwo)   # register only made UserTwo subclass of Uuser, but none of the methods
<class '__main__.UserTwo'>
>>> user2 = UserTwo()
>>> dir(user2)
['__class__', '__delattr__', '__dict__', '__dir__', '__doc__', '__eq__', '__format__', '__ge__', '__getattribute__', '__gt__', '__hash__', '__init__', '__init_subclass__', '__le__', '__lt__', '__module__', '__ne__', '__new__', '__reduce__', '__reduce_ex__', '__repr__', '__setattr__', '__sizeof__', '__str__', '__subclasshook__', '__weakref__']
>>> issubclass(UserTwo, User)
True

>>> import traceback
>>> try:
...     1/0
... except Exception:
...     traceback.print_exc()
...
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "<stdin>", line 2, in <module>
ZeroDivisionError: division by zero

>>> from __future__ import division, absolute_import, print_function, unicode_literals

>>> import atexit
>>> def bye():
...     print("bye!")
...
>>> atexit.register(bye)
<function bye at 0x004B0858>
>>> exit()
bye!

>>> import builtins
>>> for i in builtins.range(10):
...     print(i)
...
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9

>>> import inspect
>>> inspect.getmembers([1, 2, 3])
[('__add__', <method-wrapper '__add__' of list object at 0x0000021147AB4880>), ('__class__', <class 'list'>), ('__class_getitem__', <built-in method __class_getitem__ of type object at 0x00007FFA415E9AF0>), ('__contains__', <method-wrapper '__contains__' of list object at 0x0000021147AB4880>), ('__delattr__', <method-wrapper '__delattr__' of list object at 0x0000021147AB4880>), ('__delitem__', <method-wrapper '__delitem__' of list object at 0x0000021147AB4880>), ('__dir__', <built-in method __dir__ 
of list object at 0x0000021147AB4880>), ('__doc__', 'Built-in mutable sequence.\n\nIf no argument is given, the constructor creates a new empty list.\nThe argument must be an iterable if specified.'), ('__eq__', <method-wrapper '__eq__' of list object at 0x0000021147AB4880>), ('__format__', <built-in method __format__ of list object at 0x0000021147AB4880>), ('__ge__', <method-wrapper '__ge__' of list object at 0x0000021147AB4880>), ('__getattribute__', <method-wrapper '__getattribute__' of list object at 0x0000021147AB4880>), ('__getitem__', <built-in method __getitem__ of list object at 0x0000021147AB4880>), ('__gt__', <method-wrapper '__gt__' of list object at 0x0000021147AB4880>), ('__hash__', None), ('__iadd__', <method-wrapper '__iadd__' of list object at 0x0000021147AB4880>), ('__imul__', <method-wrapper '__imul__' of list object at 0x0000021147AB4880>), ('__init__', <method-wrapper '__init__' of list object at 0x0000021147AB4880>), ('__init_subclass__', <built-in method __init_subclass__ of type object at 0x00007FFA415E9AF0>), ('__iter__', <method-wrapper '__iter__' of list object at 0x0000021147AB4880>), ('__le__', <method-wrapper '__le__' of list object at 0x0000021147AB4880>), ('__len__', <method-wrapper '__len__' of list object at 0x0000021147AB4880>), ('__lt__', <method-wrapper '__lt__' of list object at 0x0000021147AB4880>), ('__mul__', <method-wrapper '__mul__' of list object at 0x0000021147AB4880>), ('__ne__', <method-wrapper '__ne__' of list object at 0x0000021147AB4880>), ('__new__', <built-in method __new__ of type object at 0x00007FFA415E9AF0>), ('__reduce__', <built-in method __reduce__ of list object at 0x0000021147AB4880>), ('__reduce_ex__', <built-in method __reduce_ex__ of list object at 0x0000021147AB4880>), ('__repr__', <method-wrapper '__repr__' of list object at 0x0000021147AB4880>), ('__reversed__', <built-in method __reversed__ of list object 
at 0x0000021147AB4880>), ('__rmul__', <method-wrapper '__rmul__' of list object at 0x0000021147AB4880>), ('__setattr__', <method-wrapper '__setattr__' of list object at 0x0000021147AB4880>), ('__setitem__', <method-wrapper '__setitem__' of list object at 0x0000021147AB4880>), ('__sizeof__', <built-in method __sizeof__ of list object at 0x0000021147AB4880>), ('__str__', <method-wrapper '__str__' of list object at 0x0000021147AB4880>), ('__subclasshook__', <built-in method __subclasshook__ of type object 
at 0x00007FFA415E9AF0>), ('append', <built-in method append of list object at 0x0000021147AB4880>), ('clear', <built-in method 
clear of list object at 0x0000021147AB4880>), ('copy', <built-in method copy of list object at 0x0000021147AB4880>), ('count', 
<built-in method count of list object at 0x0000021147AB4880>), ('extend', <built-in method extend of list object at 0x0000021147AB4880>), ('index', <built-in method index of list object at 0x0000021147AB4880>), ('insert', <built-in method insert of list 
object at 0x0000021147AB4880>), ('pop', <built-in method pop of list object at 0x0000021147AB4880>), ('remove', <built-in method remove of list object at 0x0000021147AB4880>), ('reverse', <built-in method reverse of list object at 0x0000021147AB4880>), ('sort', <built-in method sort of list object at 0x0000021147AB4880>)]
>>> print(inspect.getdoc([1, 2, 3]))
Built-in mutable sequence.

If no argument is given, the constructor creates a new empty list.
The argument must be an iterable if specified.
>>> inspect.ismethod(inspect.getmembers)
False
>>> inspect.isbuiltin(repr)
True
>>> inspect.isfunction(lambda x:x+1)
True
>>> inspect.isclass(inspect.Signature)
True

>>> import zipimport
>>> zip = zipimport.zipimporter("examples/g.zip")
>>> zip.archive
'examples\\g.zip'
>>>
>>> a = zip.load_module("a")
>>> a
<module 'a' from 'examples\\g.zip\\a.py'>
>>> a.main()
Hello everyone

>>> import importlib
>>> sys = importlib.__import__("sys")   # equal to built in function __import__
>>> importlib.reload(sys)
<module 'sys' (built-in)>

>>> import runpy
>>> runpy.run_module("myapp")
Hello, runpy!
{'__name__': 'myapp.__main__', '__file__': 'C:\\Users\\pc\\Desktop\\python-cheatsheet-redefined\\myapp\\__main__.py', '__cached__': 'C:\\Users\\pc\\Desktop\\python-cheatsheet-redefined\\myapp\\__pycache__\\__main__.cpython-39.pyc', '__doc__': None, '__loader__': <_frozen_importlib_external.SourceFileLoader object at 0x0000022430FFB670>, '__package__': 'myapp', '__spec__': ModuleSpec(name='myapp.__main__', loader=<_frozen_importlib_external.SourceFileLoader object at 0x0000022430FFB670>, origin='C:\\Users\\pc\\Desktop\\python-cheatsheet-redefined\\myapp\\__main__.py'), '__builtins__': {'__name__': 'builtins', '__doc__': "Built-in functions, exceptions, and other objects.\n\nNoteworthy: None is the `nil' object; Ellipsis represents `...' in slices.", '__package__': '', '__loader__': <class '_frozen_importlib.BuiltinImporter'>, '__spec__': ModuleSpec(name='builtins', loader=<class '_frozen_importlib.BuiltinImporter'>, origin='built-in'), '__build_class__': <built-in function __build_class__>, '__import__': <built-in function __import__>, 'abs': <built-in function abs>, 'all': <built-in function all>, 'any': <built-in function any>, 'ascii': <built-in function ascii>, 'bin': <built-in function bin>, 'breakpoint': <built-in function breakpoint>, 'callable': <built-in function callable>, 'chr': <built-in function chr>, 'compile': <built-in function compile>, 'delattr': <built-in function delattr>, 'dir': <built-in function dir>, 'divmod': <built-in function divmod>, 'eval': <built-in function eval>, 'exec': <built-in function exec>, 'format': <built-in function format>, 'getattr': <built-in function getattr>, 'globals': <built-in function globals>, 'hasattr': <built-in function hasattr>, 'hash': <built-in function hash>, 'hex': <built-in function hex>, 'id': <built-in function id>, 'input': <built-in function input>, 'isinstance': <built-in function isinstance>, 'issubclass': <built-in function issubclass>, 'iter': <built-in function iter>, 'len': <built-in function len>, 'locals': <built-in function locals>, 'max': <built-in function max>, 'min': <built-in function min>, 'next': <built-in function next>, 'oct': <built-in function oct>, 'ord': <built-in function ord>, 'pow': <built-in function pow>, 'print': <built-in function print>, 'repr': <built-in function repr>, 'round': <built-in function 
round>, 'setattr': <built-in function setattr>, 'sorted': <built-in function sorted>, 'sum': <built-in function sum>, 'vars': <built-in function vars>, 'None': None, 'Ellipsis': Ellipsis, 'NotImplemented': NotImplemented, 
'False': False, 'True': True, 'bool': <class 'bool'>, 'memoryview': <class 'memoryview'>, 'bytearray': <class 'bytearray'>, 'bytes': <class 'bytes'>, 'classmethod': <class 'classmethod'>, 'complex': <class 'complex'>, 'dict': <class 'dict'>, 'enumerate': <class 'enumerate'>, 'filter': <class 'filter'>, 'float': <class 'float'>, 'frozenset': <class 'frozenset'>, 'property': <class 'property'>, 'int': <class 'int'>, 'list': <class 'list'>, 'map': <class 'map'>, 'object': <class 'object'>, 'range': <class 'range'>, 'reversed': <class 'reversed'>, 'set': <class 'set'>, 'slice': <class 'slice'>, 'staticmethod': <class 'staticmethod'>, 'str': <class 'str'>, 'super': <class 'super'>, 'tuple': <class 'tuple'>, 'type': <class 'type'>, 'zip': <class 'zip'>, '__debug__': True, 
'BaseException': <class 'BaseException'>, 'Exception': <class 'Exception'>, 'TypeError': <class 'TypeError'>, 'StopAsyncIteration': <class 'StopAsyncIteration'>, 'StopIteration': <class 'StopIteration'>, 'GeneratorExit': <class 'GeneratorExit'>, 'SystemExit': <class 'SystemExit'>, 'KeyboardInterrupt': <class 'KeyboardInterrupt'>, 'ImportError': <class 'ImportError'>, 'ModuleNotFoundError': <class 'ModuleNotFoundError'>, 'OSError': <class 'OSError'>, 'EnvironmentError': <class 'OSError'>, 'IOError': <class 'OSError'>, 'WindowsError': <class 'OSError'>, 'EOFError': <class 'EOFError'>, 'RuntimeError': <class 'RuntimeError'>, 'RecursionError': <class 'RecursionError'>, 'NotImplementedError': <class 'NotImplementedError'>, 'NameError': <class 'NameError'>, 'UnboundLocalError': <class 'UnboundLocalError'>, 'AttributeError': <class 'AttributeError'>, 'SyntaxError': <class 'SyntaxError'>, 'IndentationError': <class 'IndentationError'>, 'TabError': <class 'TabError'>, 'LookupError': <class 'LookupError'>, 'IndexError': <class 'IndexError'>, 'KeyError': <class 'KeyError'>, 'ValueError': <class 'ValueError'>, 'UnicodeError': <class 'UnicodeError'>, 'UnicodeEncodeError': <class 'UnicodeEncodeError'>, 'UnicodeDecodeError': <class 'UnicodeDecodeError'>, 'UnicodeTranslateError': <class 'UnicodeTranslateError'>, 'AssertionError': <class 'AssertionError'>, 'ArithmeticError': <class 'ArithmeticError'>, 'FloatingPointError': <class 'FloatingPointError'>, 'OverflowError': <class 'OverflowError'>, 'ZeroDivisionError': <class 'ZeroDivisionError'>, 'SystemError': <class 'SystemError'>, 'ReferenceError': <class 'ReferenceError'>, 'MemoryError': <class 'MemoryError'>, 'BufferError': <class 'BufferError'>, 'Warning': <class 'Warning'>, 'UserWarning': <class 'UserWarning'>, 'DeprecationWarning': <class 'DeprecationWarning'>, 'PendingDeprecationWarning': <class 'PendingDeprecationWarning'>, 'SyntaxWarning': <class 'SyntaxWarning'>, 'RuntimeWarning': <class 'RuntimeWarning'>, 'FutureWarning': <class 'FutureWarning'>, 'ImportWarning': <class 'ImportWarning'>, 'UnicodeWarning': <class 'UnicodeWarning'>, 'BytesWarning': <class 'BytesWarning'>, 'ResourceWarning': <class 'ResourceWarning'>, 'ConnectionError': <class 'ConnectionError'>, 'BlockingIOError': <class 'BlockingIOError'>, 'BrokenPipeError': <class 'BrokenPipeError'>, 'ChildProcessError': <class 'ChildProcessError'>, 'ConnectionAbortedError': <class 'ConnectionAbortedError'>, 'ConnectionRefusedError': <class 'ConnectionRefusedError'>, 'ConnectionResetError': <class 'ConnectionResetError'>, 'FileExistsError': <class 'FileExistsError'>, 'FileNotFoundError': <class 'FileNotFoundError'>, 'IsADire': <class 'InterruptedError'>, 'PermissionError': <class 'PermissionError'>, 'ProcessLookupError': <class 'ProcessLookupError'>, 'TimeoutError': <class 'TimeoutError'>, 'open': <built-in function open>, 'quit': Use quit() 
or Ctrl-Z plus Return to exit, 'exit': Use exit() or Ctrl-Z plus Return to exit, 'copyright': Copyright (c) 2001-2021 Python Software Foundation.
All Rights Reserved.

Copyright (c) 2000 BeOpen.com.
All Rights Reserved.

Copyright (c) 1995-2001 Corporation for National Research Initiatives.
All Rights Reserved.

Copyright (c) 1991-1995 Stichting Mathematisch Centrum, Amsterdam.
All Rights Reserved., 'credits':     Thanks to CWI, CNRI, BeOpen.com, Zope Corporation and a cast of thousands 
    for supporting Python development.  See www.python.org for more information., 'license': Type license() to 
see the full license text, 'help': Type help() for interactive help, or help(object) for help about object., '_': None}}
>>> runpy.run_path("myapp")
Hello, runpy!
{'__name__': '<run_path>', '__doc__': None, '__package__': '', '__loader__': <_frozen_importlib_external.SourceFileLoader object at 0x000001AF031A5B88>, '__spec__': ModuleSpec(name='__main__', loader=<_frozen_importlib_external.SourceFileLoader object at 0x000001AF031A5B88>, origin='myapp\\__main__.py'), '__file__': 'myapp\\__main__.py', '__cached__': 'myapp\\__pycache__\\__main__.cpython-37.pyc', '__builtins__': {'__name__': 'builtins', '__doc__': "Built-in functions, exceptions, and other objects.\n\nNoteworthy: None is the `nil' object; Ellipsis represents `...' in slices.", '__package__': '', '__loader__': <class
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'RuntimeError'>, 'RecursionError': <class 'RecursionError'>, 'NotImplementedError': <class 'NotImplementedError'>, 'NameError': <class 'NameError'>, 'UnboundLocalError': <class 'UnboundLocalError'>, 'AttributeError': <class 'AttributeError'>, 'SyntaxError': <class 'SyntaxError'>, 'IndentationError': <class 'IndentationError'>, 'TabError': <class 'TabError'>, 'LookupError': <class 'LookupError'>, 'IndexError': <class 'IndexError'>, 'KeyError': <class 'KeyError'>, 'ValueError': <class 'ValueError'>, 'UnicodeError': <class 'UnicodeError'>, 'UnicodeEncodeError': <class 'UnicodeEncodeError'>, 'UnicodeDecodeError': <class 'UnicodeDecodeError'>, 'UnicodeTranslateError': <class 'UnicodeTranslateError'>, 'AssertionError': <class 'AssertionError'>, 'ArithmeticError': <class 'ArithmeticError'>, 'FloatingPointError': <class 'FloatingPointError'>, 'OverflowError': <class 'OverflowError'>, 'ZeroDivisionError': <class 'ZeroDivisionError'>, 'SystemError': <class 'SystemError'>, 'ReferenceError': <class 'ReferenceError'>, 'MemoryError': <class 'MemoryError'>, 'BufferError': <class 'BufferError'>, 'Warning': <class 'Warning'>, 'UserWarning': <class 'UserWarning'>, 'DeprecationWarning': <class 'DeprecationWarning'>, 'PendingDeprecationWarning': <class 'PendingDeprecationWarning'>, 'SyntaxWarning': <class 'SyntaxWarning'>, 'RuntimeWarning': <class 'RuntimeWarning'>, 'FutureWarning': <class 'FutureWarning'>, 'ImportWarning': <class 'ImportWarning'>, 'UnicodeWarning': <class 'UnicodeWarning'>, 'BytesWarning': <class 'BytesWarning'>, 'ResourceWarning': <class 'ResourceWarning'>, 'ConnectionError': <class 'ConnectionError'>, 'BlockingIOError': <class 'BlockingIOError'>, 'BrokenPipeError': <class 'BrokenPipeError'>, 'ChildProcessError': <class 'ChildProcessError'>, 'ConnectionAbortedError': <class 'ConnectionAbortedError'>, 'ConnectionRefusedError': <class 'ConnectionRefusedError'>, 'ConnectionResetError': <class 'ConnectionResetError'>, 'FileExistsError': <class 'FileExistsError'>, 'FileNotFoundError': <class 'FileNotFoundError'>, 'IsADirectoryError': <class 'IsADirectoryError'>, 'NotADirectoryError': <class 'NotADirectoryError'>, 'InterruptedError': <class 'InterruptedError'>, 'PermissionError': <class 'PermissionError'>, 'ProcessLookupError': <class 'ProcessLookupError'>, 'TimeoutError': <class 'TimeoutError'>, 'open': <built-in function open>, 'quit': Use quit() or Ctrl-Z plus Return to exit, 'exit': Use exit() or Ctrl-Z plus Return to exit, 'copyright': Copyright (c) 2001-2019 Python Software Foundation.
All Rights Reserved.

Copyright (c) 2000 BeOpen.com.
All Rights Reserved.

Copyright (c) 1995-2001 Corporation for National Research Initiatives.
All Rights Reserved.

Copyright (c) 1991-1995 Stichting Mathematisch Centrum, Amsterdam.
All Rights Reserved., 'credits':     Thanks to CWI, CNRI, BeOpen.com, Zope Corporation and a cast of thousands
    for supporting Python development.  See www.python.org for more information., 'license': Type license() to see the full license text, 'help': Type help() for interactive help, or help(object) for help about object., '_': None}}