Programming Foundations Algorithms With Python

Overview

Programming-Foundations-Algorithms

Algorithms purpose

to solve a specific proplem with a sequential sets of steps for instance : if you need to add different shaped in groups you can use loop by iterate on each shape if its belong to this group or not

Algorithms charachteristics

  • algorithms complixity
    • space complixity
    • time complixity
  • input and output
  • classification
    • serial/parallel
    • exact/approximate

common algorithms

  • searching algo find a specific data from a structure
  • sorting algo take a set of data and apply a sort order to it
  • computational algo given a ser of data calculate another (calculator)
  • collection algo work with collection of data : manipulating and navigating amoung sets of data that are sorted (count a specific items) exerciese for an algorithm
def greatest common denomonator (a,b)
    while (b != 0)
        t=a
        a=b
        b=t%b
    return a 

print(20,8)

Algorithm performance

  • how an algorithm will be have based on the size of input set data
  • big-O to describe algorithm performance as the size of input grows over time it usually describe the worst case senario

Time complixity rank

  • O(1) operation in question doesnt depend on the number of elements in the given data set (calculating the number is even or odd)
  • O(log n) finding a specific value in a sorted array using a bionary search so if the number of elements grow it takes logarithmic time relation to find any given item
  • O(n) searching for an item in an unsorted array as number of items increase it take the corrosponding linear time to complete the search
  • O(nlogn) sorting algorithm like stack and merge sort
  • O(n2) as the number of data increase the time it take is squared

Overview on Data structure

1: Array

it has either one dimention or multiple , you can calculate

  • item index O(1)
  • insert or delete at beginning or middle O(n)
  • insert or delete at end : O(1)

2: Linked lists(nodes)

  • linear collection of data elements each node has a field that refer to the next element in the list
  • the benifit of it over arrays is that its fast and easy to add and remove items from the list
  • its not necessary to recognize the essintial memory that hold the data because the individual nodes doesnt have to be stored adjecently like arrays
  • the linked lists cant do canstant time random access to any item in the list like the array

**you can inserting a new item in the list**

#### 3: stack **is collection that support two priciples .** * push * pop the last item pushed is the first one poped

is used in * expression processing * back tracking #### 4: Queue **its collection that supports adding and removing and work like stack but** the first item added is the first one removed

is used in * order processing * massaginh #### 5: hash tables **an ability to unique map a given key to a specific value (word during dictionary list)**

it * is very fast * for small data sets array is more efficient * hash table dont order entries in a predictable way ___ ### Recursion * your recursive function return at some point (breaking condition) * otherwise it leeds to infinite loop * each time the function called the value of arguments of the previous call are stored aside not written over by the new call (call stack) ### sorting data ####1: bubble sort

its

  • very simple to understand and implement
  • performance O(n2)
    • for loops inside of for loops are usually n2
  • other sorting algorithms are generally much better

2: merge sort

by

  • divide and conquer algorithm
  • breaks a dataset into individual pieces and merges them
  • uses recursion to operate on datasets its
  • performs well on large sets of data
  • generally has O(nlogn) performance

3: Quicksort

  • divide and conquer algorithm
  • uses recursion to operate on datasets
  • generally has O(nlogn) performance
  • operate in place on the data
  • worst case is O(n2) when data is mostly sorted already

searching data

  • unordered list search
  • ordered list search
  • determine if alist is sorted

other algorithms

  • filtering hash table
  • counting value with hash table
  • find max value recusively
Owner
omar nafea
omar nafea
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