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Synopsis
A simple script to scrape Tweets using the Python package requests to retrieve the content and Beautifulsoup4 to parse the retrieved content.
1. Motivation
Twitter has provided REST API's which can be used by developers to access and read Twitter data. They have also provided a Streaming API which can be used to access Twitter Data in real-time.
Most of the software written to access Twitter data provide a library which functions as a wrapper around Twitter's Search and Streaming API's and are therefore constrained by the limitations of the API's.
With Twitter's Search API you can only send 180 Requests every 15 minutes. With a maximum number of 100 tweets per Request, you can mine 72 tweets per hour (4 x 180 x 100 =72) . By using TwitterScraper you are not limited by this number but by your internet speed/bandwith and the number of instances of TwitterScraper you are willing to start.
One of the bigger disadvantages of the Search API is that you can only access Tweets written in the past 7 days. This is a major bottleneck for anyone looking for older data. With TwitterScraper there is no such limitation.
- Per Tweet it scrapes the following information:
-
- Tweet-id
- Tweet-url
- Tweet text
- Tweet html
- Links inside Tweet
- Hashtags inside Tweet
- Image URLS inside Tweet
- Video URL inside Tweet
- Tweet timestamp
- Tweet Epoch timestamp
- Tweet No. of likes
- Tweet No. of replies
- Tweet No. of retweets
- Username
- User Full Name / Screen Name
- User ID
- Tweet is an reply to
- Tweet is replied to
- List of users Tweet is an reply to
- Tweet ID of parent tweet
- In addition it can scrape for the following user information:
-
- Date user joined
- User location (if filled in)
- User blog (if filled in)
- User No. of tweets
- User No. of following
- User No. of followers
- User No. of likes
- User No. of lists
- User is verified
2. Installation and Usage
To install twitterscraper:
(sudo) pip install twitterscraper
or you can clone the repository and in the folder containing setup.py
python setup.py install
If you prefer more isolation you can build a docker image
docker build -t twitterscraper:build .
and run your container with:
docker run --rm -it -v/<PATH_TO_SOME_SHARED_FOLDER_FOR_RESULTS>:/app/data twitterscraper:build <YOUR_QUERY>
2.2 The CLI
You can use the command line application to get your tweets stored to JSON right away. Twitterscraper takes several arguments:
-hor--helpPrint out the help message and exits.-lor--limitTwitterScraper stops scraping when at least the number of tweets indicated with--limitis scraped. Since tweets are retrieved in batches of 20, this will always be a multiple of 20. Omit the limit to retrieve all tweets. You can at any time abort the scraping by pressing Ctrl+C, the scraped tweets will be stored safely in your JSON file.--langRetrieves tweets written in a specific language. Currently 30+ languages are supported. For a full list of the languages print out the help message.-bdor--begindateSet the date from which TwitterScraper should start scraping for your query. Format is YYYY-MM-DD. The default value is set to 2006-03-21. This does not work in combination with--user.-edor--enddateSet the enddate which TwitterScraper should use to stop scraping for your query. Format is YYYY-MM-DD. The default value is set to today. This does not work in combination with--user.-uor--userScrapes the tweets from that users' profile page. This also includes all retweets by that user. See section 2.2.4 in the examples below for more information.--profiles: Twitterscraper will in addition to the tweets, also scrape for the profile information of the users who have written these tweets. The results will be saved in the file userprofiles_<filename>.-por--poolsizeSet the number of parallel processes TwitterScraper should initiate while scraping for your query. Default value is set to 20. Depending on the computational power you have, you can increase this number. It is advised to keep this number below the number of days you are scraping. For example, if you are scraping from 2017-01-10 to 2017-01-20, you can set this number to a maximum of 10. If you are scraping from 2016-01-01 to 2016-12-31, you can increase this number to a maximum of 150, if you have the computational resources. Does not work in combination with--user.-oor--outputGives the name of the output file. If no output filename is given, the default filename 'tweets.json' or 'tweets.csv' will be used.-cor--csvWrite the result to a CSV file instead of a JSON file.-dor--dump: With this argument, the scraped tweets will be printed to the screen instead of an outputfile. If you are using this argument, the--outputargument doe not need to be used.-owor--overwrite: With this argument, if the output file already exists it will be overwritten. If this argument is not set (default) twitterscraper will exit with the warning that the output file already exists.-dpor--disableproxy: With this argument, proxy servers are not used when scrapping tweets or user profiles from twitter.
2.2.1 Examples of simple queries
Below is an example of how twitterscraper can be used:
twitterscraper Trump --limit 1000 --output=tweets.json
twitterscraper Trump -l 1000 -o tweets.json
twitterscraper Trump -l 1000 -bd 2017-01-01 -ed 2017-06-01 -o tweets.json
2.2.2 Examples of advanced queries
You can use any advanced query Twitter supports. An advanced query should be placed within quotes, so that twitterscraper can recognize it as one single query.
Here are some examples:
- search for the occurence of 'Bitcoin' or 'BTC':
twitterscraper "Bitcoin OR BTC" -o bitcoin_tweets.json -l 1000 - search for the occurence of 'Bitcoin' and 'BTC':
twitterscraper "Bitcoin AND BTC" -o bitcoin_tweets.json -l 1000 - search for tweets from a specific user:
twitterscraper "Blockchain from:VitalikButerin" -o blockchain_tweets.json -l 1000 - search for tweets to a specific user:
twitterscraper "Blockchain to:VitalikButerin" -o blockchain_tweets.json -l 1000 - search for tweets written from a location:
twitterscraper "Blockchain near:Seattle within:15mi" -o blockchain_tweets.json -l 1000
You can construct an advanced query on Twitter Advanced Search or use one of the operators shown on this page. Also see Twitter's Standard operators
2.2.3 Examples of scraping user pages
You can also scraped all tweets written or retweeted by a specific user. This can be done by adding the boolean argument -u / --user argument. If this argument is used, the search term should be equal to the username.
Here is an example of scraping a specific user:
twitterscraper realDonaldTrump --user -o tweets_username.json
This does not work in combination with -p, -bd, or -ed.
The main difference with the example "search for tweets from a specific user" in section 2.2.2 is that this method really scrapes all tweets from a profile page (including retweets). The example in 2.2.2 scrapes the results from the search page (excluding retweets).
2.3 From within Python
You can easily use TwitterScraper from within python:
from twitterscraper import query_tweets
if __name__ == '__main__':
list_of_tweets = query_tweets("Trump OR Clinton", 10)
#print the retrieved tweets to the screen:
for tweet in query_tweets("Trump OR Clinton", 10):
print(tweet)
#Or save the retrieved tweets to file:
file = open(“output.txt”,”w”)
for tweet in query_tweets("Trump OR Clinton", 10):
file.write(str(tweet.text.encode('utf-8')))
file.close()
2.3.1 Examples of Python Queries
- Query tweets from a given URL:
- Parameters:
- query: The query search parameter of url
- lang: Language of queried url
- pos: Parameter passed for where to start looking in url
- retry: Number of times to retry if error
query_single_page(query, lang, pos, retry=50, from_user=False, timeout=60)
- Query all tweets that match qeury:
- Parameters:
- query: The query search parameter
- limit: Number of tweets returned
- begindate: Start date of query
- enddate: End date of query
- poolsize: Tweets per poolsize
- lang: Language of query
query_tweets('query', limit=None, begindate=dt.date.today(), enddate=dt.date.today(), poolsize=20, lang='')
- Query tweets from a specific user:
- Parameters:
- user: Twitter username
- limit: Number of tweets returned
query_tweets(user, limit=None)
2.4 Scraping for retweets
A regular search within Twitter will not show you any retweets. Twitterscraper therefore does not contain any retweets in the output.
To give an example: If user1 has written a tweet containing #trump2020 and user2 has retweetet this tweet, a search for #trump2020 will only show the original tweet.
The only way you can scrape for retweets is if you scrape for all tweets of a specific user with the -u / --user argument.
2.5 Scraping for User Profile information
By adding the argument --profiles twitterscraper will in addition to the tweets, also scrape for the profile information of the users who have written these tweets. The results will be saved in the file "userprofiles_<filename>".
Try not to use this argument too much. If you have already scraped profile information for a set of users, there is no need to do it again :) It is also possible to scrape for profile information without scraping for tweets. Examples of this can be found in the examples folder.
3. Output
All of the retrieved Tweets are stored in the indicated output file. The contents of the output file will look like:
[{"fullname": "Rupert Meehl", "id": "892397793071050752", "likes": "1", "replies": "0", "retweets": "0", "text": "Latest: Trump now at lowest Approval and highest Disapproval ratings yet. Oh, we're winning bigly here ...\n\nhttps://projects.fivethirtyeight.com/trump-approval-ratings/?ex_cid=rrpromo\u00a0\u2026", "timestamp": "2017-08-01T14:53:08", "user": "Rupert_Meehl"}, {"fullname": "Barry Shapiro", "id": "892397794375327744", "likes": "0", "replies": "0", "retweets": "0", "text": "A former GOP Rep quoted this line, which pretty much sums up Donald Trump. https://twitter.com/davidfrum/status/863017301595107329\u00a0\u2026", "timestamp": "2017-08-01T14:53:08", "user": "barryshap"}, (...)
]
3.1 Opening the output file
In order to correctly handle all possible characters in the tweets (think of Japanese or Arabic characters), the output is saved as utf-8 encoded bytes. That is why you could see text like "u30b1 u30f3 u3055 u307e u30fe ..." in the output file.
What you should do is open the file with the proper encoding:
Example of output with Japanese characters
3.1.2 Opening into a pandas dataframe
After the file has been opened, it can easily be converted into a `pandas` DataFrame
import pandas as pd
df = pd.read_json('tweets.json', encoding='utf-8')
2 Mar 01, 2022
5 Nov 12, 2022
15 Apr 12, 2022
23 Jan 03, 2023
6 Dec 07, 2021
1 Oct 13, 2021
56 Nov 30, 2022
6 Apr 07, 2022
5 Oct 06, 2022
157 Dec 28, 2022
3 Nov 03, 2022
1 Nov 22, 2021
18 Nov 24, 2021
2 Oct 27, 2021
4 Dec 14, 2022
6 Nov 27, 2022
3 Jun 27, 2022
157 May 24, 2022
67 Dec 26, 2022
1 Feb 13, 2022