Eacc
Python Eacc is a parsing tool it implements a flexible lexer and a straightforward approach to analyze documents. It uses Python code to specify both lexer and grammar for a given document. Eacc can handle succinctly most parsing cases that existing Python parsing tools propose to address.
Documents are split into tokens and a token has a type when a sequence of tokens is matched it evaluates to a specific type then rematcned again against the existing rules. The types can be function objects it means patterns can be evaluated based on extern conditions.
The fact of it being possible to have a grammar rule associated to a type and the type being variable in the context of the program it makes eacc useful for some text analysis problems.
A document grammar is written mostly in an ambiguous manner. The parser has a lookahead mechanism to express precedence when matching rules.
It is possible to extend the document grammar at the time it is being parsed. Such a feature is interesting to handle some edge cases.
The parser also accept some special operators like Except, Only, Times etc. These operators are used to match sequences of tokens based on their token types and length.
Features
-
Fast and flexible Lexer
- Use class inheritance to extend/modify your existing lexers.
-
Handle broken documents.
- Useful in some edge cases.
-
Short implementation
- You can easily extend or modify functionalities.
-
Powerful but easy to learn
- Learn a few classes workings to implement a parser.
-
Pythonic notation for grammars
- No need to dig deep into grammar theory.
Note: For a real and more sophisticated example of eacc usage check out.
Crocs is capable of reading a regex string then generating possible matches for the inputed regex.
Basic Example
The code below specifies a lexer and a parsing approach for a simple expression calculator. When one of the mathematical operations +, -, * or / is executed then the result is a number
Based on such a simple assertion it is possible to implement our calculator.
from eacc.eacc import Rule, Grammar, Eacc
from eacc.lexer import Lexer, LexTok, XSpec
from eacc.token import Plus, Minus, LP, RP, Mul, Div, Num, Blank, Sof, Eof
class CalcTokens(XSpec):
# Used to extract the tokens.
t_plus = LexTok(r'\+', Plus)
t_minus = LexTok(r'\-', Minus)
t_lparen = LexTok(r'\(', LP)
t_rparen = LexTok(r'\)', RP)
t_mul = LexTok(r'\*', Mul)
t_div = LexTok(r'\/', Div)
t_num = LexTok(r'[0-9]+', Num, float)
t_blank = LexTok(r' +', Blank, discard=True)
root = [t_plus, t_minus, t_lparen, t_num,
t_blank, t_rparen, t_mul, t_div]
class CalcGrammar(Grammar):
# The token patterns when matched them become
# ParseTree objects which have a type.
r_paren = Rule(LP, Num, RP, type=Num)
r_div = Rule(Num, Div, Num, type=Num)
r_mul = Rule(Num, Mul, Num, type=Num)
o_div = Rule(Div)
o_mul = Rule(Mul)
r_plus = Rule(Num, Plus, Num, type=Num, up=(o_mul, o_div))
r_minus = Rule(Num, Minus, Num, type=Num, up=(o_mul, o_div))
# The final structure that is consumed. Once it is
# consumed then the process stops.
r_done = Rule(Sof, Num, Eof)
root = [r_paren, r_plus, r_minus, r_mul, r_div, r_done]
# The handles mapped to the patterns to compute the expression result.
def plus(expr, sign, term):
return expr.val() + term.val()
def minus(expr, sign, term):
return expr.val() - term.val()
def div(term, sign, factor):
return term.val()/factor.val()
def mul(term, sign, factor):
return term.val() * factor.val()
def paren(left, expression, right):
return expression.val()
def done(sof, num, eof):
print('Result:', num.val())
return num.val()
if __name__ == '__main__':
data = '2 * 5 + 10 -(2 * 3 - 10 )+ 30/(1-3+ 4* 10 + (11/1))'
lexer = Lexer(CalcTokens)
tokens = lexer.feed(data)
eacc = Eacc(CalcGrammar)
# Link the handles to the patterns.
eacc.add_handle(CalcGrammar.r_plus, plus)
eacc.add_handle(CalcGrammar.r_minus, minus)
eacc.add_handle(CalcGrammar.r_div, div)
eacc.add_handle(CalcGrammar.r_mul, mul)
eacc.add_handle(CalcGrammar.r_paren, paren)
eacc.add_handle(CalcGrammar.r_done, done)
ptree = eacc.build(tokens)
ptree = list(ptree)
The defined rule below fixes precedence in the above ambiguous grammar.
r_plus = Rule(Num, Plus, Num, type=Num, up=(o_mul, o_div))
The above rule will be matched only if the below rules aren't matched ahead.
o_div = Rule(Div)
o_mul = Rule(Mul)
In case the above rule is matched then the result has type Num it will be rematched against the existing rules and so on.
When a mathematical expression is well formed it will result to the following structure.
Sof Num Eof
Which is matched by the rule below.
r_done = Rule(Sof, Num, Eof)
That rule is mapped to the handle below. It will merely print the resulting value.
def done(sof, num, eof):
print('Result:', num.val())
return num.val()
The Sof and Eof are start of file and end of file tokens. These are automatically inserted by the parser.
In case it is not a valid mathematical expression then it raises an exception. When a given document is well formed, the defined rules will consume it entirely.
The lexer is really flexible it can handle some interesting cases in a short and simple manner.
from eacc.lexer import XSpec, Lexer, SeqTok, LexTok, LexSeq
from eacc.token import Keyword, Identifier, RP, LP, Colon, Blank
class KeywordTokens(XSpec):
t_if = LexSeq(SeqTok(r'if', type=Keyword),
SeqTok(r'\s+', type=Blank))
t_blank = LexTok(r' +', type=Blank)
t_lparen = LexTok(r'\(', type=LP)
t_rparen = LexTok(r'\)', type=RP)
t_colon = LexTok(r'\:', type=Colon)
# Match identifier only if it is not an if.
t_identifier = LexTok(r'[a-zA-Z0-9]+', type=Identifier)
root = [t_if, t_blank, t_lparen,
t_rparen, t_colon, t_identifier]
lex = Lexer(KeywordTokens)
data = 'if ifnum: foobar()'
tokens = lex.feed(data)
print('Consumed:', list(tokens))
That would output:
Consumed: [Keyword('if'), Blank(' '), Identifier('ifnum'), Colon(':'),
Blank(' '), Identifier('foobar'), LP('('), RP(')')]
The above example handles the task of tokenizing keywords correctly. The SeqTok class works together with LexSeq to extract the tokens based on a given regex while LexNode works on its own to extract tokens that do not demand a lookahead step.
Install
Note: Work with python3 only.
pip install eacc
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