How to write each part of the thesis well?

How to write each part of the thesis well ？

One 、 title
The title is equivalent to the label of the paper , Is concise 、 Accurately reflect the most important characteristics of the paper 、 Study the logical combination of the most appropriate words in scope and depth , It is usually the first content that readers browse , It is also the first part of the retrieval system , It is the first important information to reflect the level and scope of the paper .
To sum up, there are the following requirements :

1. The questions are linked , The concept expression is accurate
   The title should accurately express the content and theme of the thesis , Appropriately reflect the scope and depth of the study , Match with the content of the paper , Closely - Questions should be deducted , The article should be captioned . Do not make the title too large , It should be limited to the problem or the solution used , for example ：

Too general title : Research on face recognition ;
Limit to method : A new method of face recognition based on perceptual learning .

2. The length of the topic is moderate , And the correctness of word order
The title should be short and concise 、 Too long or too short is not good . Generally, there is nonsense in long topics , Including but not limited to “ survey ”“ Research ” And some articles “a” etc. . We have done such exercises in primary school Chinese , Shorten a long sentence , Without changing its original meaning . for example :

Research on several neural computing methods for robot positioning and navigation ;
Because navigation includes positioning , After removing redundancy : Research on several neural computing methods for robot navigation .

Besides , The title is like a label , Avoid using lengthy Lord 、 Predicate 、 Complete sentences of object structure , It is customary to use the positive phrases centered on nouns or nominal phrases , Generally, there is no verb object structure . English title , It is suggested to put the theme words expressing the core content at the beginning of the title . for example :
Age invariant face recognition and retrieval byCoupled auto-encoder.

3. Pay attention to the use of terms
Terms appear in large numbers in scientific papers , Especially in the field of communication , There are many kinds of terms . Many terms are difficult to distinguish even for experts . therefore , Unless it is a well-known abbreviation , Otherwise, it is not abbreviated . for example ：
Image-to-Image Translation with Conditional Adversarial Networks, Instead of Image-to—Image Translation with Conditional GAN, because GAN( Generative antagonistic network ) The word recently 2 It was only in , Even in the field of machine learning , Many people are strange to it .

Two 、 Abstract
The purpose of the abstract is to provide a summary of the contents of the literature , Without comment or additional explanation , concise 、 A short passage that accurately describes the important content of a document .
It has independence and autonomy , It can fully reflect the innovation of the research , Have the same amount of main information as the paper , That is, you can get the necessary information without reading the full text . The number of words in the abstract usually does not exceed the number of words in the paper 5%.

1. The basic structure and content of the abstract
Abstract is essentially a highly condensed paper , Its basic structure corresponds to the structure of the paper . The summary mainly includes the outline of the following contents :

(1) Purpose —— The premise of the research work 、 Purpose 、 The scope of tasks and topics involved .
(2) Method —— The theory used 、 technology 、 material 、 methods 、 equipment 、 Algorithm 、 Procedure, etc
(3) result —— observation 、 Experimental results and data , The effect 、 Performance and conclusion , Innovation and originality .

2. The general principles of normative expression

(1) The abstract should be as short as possible , Never write long content that should appear in the forefront into the summary , And there must be no formal supplement and modification to the paper , Especially don't comment .

(2) The content of the abstract should appear in the body , But it is not suitable to simply repeat . Chinese abstracts are often written in the third person , The proposal USES “ Yes … A study was carried out ",“ Reported … present situation " Etc .

(3) Use well-known and common normative terms and symbols , The full name of the new term should be written . Generally, do not use formulas and chemical structural formulas .

3. The English abstract is standardized
The use of English abstract tense should be concise , Common present tense 、 General past tense , Use less present perfect tense 、 pluperfect , There is basically no continuous tense or other compound tenses .

The present tense is generally used to illustrate the purpose of the study 、 Describe the research content 、 Describe the results 、 Draw the research conclusion 、 Put forward suggestions or discussions, etc . Involving accepted facts 、 natural law 、 Eternal truth, etc , Use the simple present tense .
Such as : In order to study the rigidity coeficient.…, the stress and strain model is concluded.

By contrast , The general past tense is used to describe a certain moment in the past ( time interval ) Discovery 、 A certain research process .
Such as The heat pulse technique was aplied to study two main tree species in July and August, 1996.

a. When introducing background information , The general fact that the content of a sentence is not affected by time , Apply the present tense , An overview of a trend , Use the present perfect tense .
b. Describe the research purpose or main research activities , Use the present tense more .
C. Describe the experimental procedure 、 Methods and main results are often used in the present tense .
d. The present tense can be used when describing conclusions or suggestions , or may, should, could Wait for auxiliary verbs .

3、 ... and 、 key word
key word (key words) It is to meet the needs of document indexing or computer retrieval and international computer online retrieval , The words or phrases selected from the title and body of the thesis that can reflect the theme of the thesis . Keywords should be normative terms , Usually after the summary .

key word : The stock market ; Online stock Review ; Correlation analysis

Four 、 introduction
Generally speaking , The introduction usually needs 14 The length of the page . The basic content should include the research background 、 Existing problems and research purposes .
Generally, a wide range of general facts are introduced first , To illustrate the relationship between research work and past work , It is necessary to review the research history at home and abroad ( Literature review or literature review ), And make a horizontal comparison of the research , Write down the work done by the predecessor in the relevant fields of this topic and the gaps or deficiencies .
Then gradually turn the focus to the theme closely related to the issues discussed in the paper , Point out that a certain problem or phenomenon is still worth further study , Then turn the focus to the research problem to be discussed
Finally, it expounds the purpose of the study , Concretize the author's research task , It can also explain the author's contribution or innovation based on the existing work according to the situation .
Yes, the length is long 、 Papers with complex structures , The end of the introduction should also briefly explain the main conclusions of the study and the content of the framework of the paper .

1. Citation norms writing principles

(1) Gradually expand according to the writing requirements and content , Don't write an introduction as a note to an abstract , Don't discuss , Do not repeat the summary .
(2) Be cautious and reserved. First, describe the lack of previous work and the innovation of your own research , Generally, there is no evaluation language .
(3) The research background should be accurate 、 concise , Should not be too scattered and trivial .

5、 ... and 、 Text
In the process of writing the text , Regardless of subsection level , Or sub section level , Should follow the top-down refinement method . This pyramid refinement method should also reflect the overall structural level of the paper . in other words , Create high-level sections , Used to describe the idea of hierarchy , Then use a low-level chapter hierarchy to describe more technical details . Every paragraph should have a central point , It is called the central sentence or the topic sentence , Usually the paragraph starts with this sentence . after , Make a more detailed explanation around this central argument .

1. Figures and tables
(1) Appearance is important

① Each figure can be marked 3 To 4 Group data group
② Different groups of data are not just represented by curves of different colors , And the curve is marked with objects of different shapes
③ appropriate ： Picture size 、 Coordinate size 、 The text in the picture 、 Symbol identifies
④ Have horizontal and vertical coordinates and their units
⑤ Words and curves in the figure ： clear 、 Easy to identify 、 Don't blur

(2) Figure and table questions

① The corresponding description with the text is two independent systems
② Sufficient information should be provided
③ It should not just be copied from the information already described elsewhere in the paper

2. Method
The basic principle of ： Provide sufficient information so that readers can fully reproduce the theoretical or experimental results of this paper

(1) Empirical paper
The materials studied 、 region
The method used 、 technology 、 theory

(2) Theoretical paper
The principles involved 、 Concepts and models
Main framework and formula derivation

(3) Methodological papers
Materials and details of a new experiment
A new algorithm step 、 Flow chart and performance analysis

(4) Case study paper
Existing methods 、 Application of theories or tools
Special scenarios for this study

Previous work

Including research objects 、 Research methods 、 Results and analysis
Previous Work： Explain your differences from your predecessors

① Divide the work of predecessors in history into categories
② A brief review of each important historical work
④ Be careful to review the correct , Get to the point , Avoid ambiguity
⑤ Compare with your own work
⑥ Don't neglect the important work of our predecessors , The advantages of our predecessors
⑦ We should fairly evaluate the work of our predecessors , Don't be too harsh
⑧ Emphasize the difference between your work and that of your predecessors , It is best to give examples of their respective applications
3. The result part
Verify the proposed methods and ideas

① Briefly describe the principle equations or theorems that support the given conclusions
② Design the experiment reasonably （ Simple experiment and detailed experimental steps ）
③ Give the results of statistical analysis , Performance analysis results ( Especially methodological or algorithmic papers )
④ Necessary comparison , Highlight science , Give our results and previous papers ( Especially case study papers ) The difference between the results
⑤ Necessary analysis of charts and other data ： What picture ？ Curve trend ？ What conclusion can be drawn ？
⑥ The main findings related to the research methods are listed

6、 ... and 、 Conclusion
The conclusion can be a restatement of the central idea 、 Summary of research results or main points , It can also be some enlightening explanation or consideration , And the prediction based on the research results . It mainly includes ：

(1) What are the new findings of this study , Get something regular , What theoretical and practical problems have been solved , What is the scope of application ?
(2) The innovation of the research , Similarities and differences between research work and other existing research results
(3） Limitations of the study 、 Deficiencies or remaining problems , And possible application prospects and further research directions .

7、 ... and 、 reference
Reference refers to quoting predecessors for writing papers ( Including the author himself ) Published relevant literature , It is an indispensable and important part of scientific papers .
by rule , In scientific papers , Always quote predecessors or others ( Including myself ) Views in the published literature 、 Data and materials, etc , Should be indicated in the quotation , At the end of the article ( After conclusion , If you have any thanks , After thanking ) The list of references is called the description of references .

1. The purpose and function of Bibliographic Description

(1) Improve the scientific basis , Indicate breadth and depth
Cataloguing references reflects the scientific attitude of the authors of scientific papers , And provide the truth for the paper 、 Broad scientific basis . How many references are described and when they are published , It can measure the breadth and depth of the research of this scientific paper .

(2) Distinguish research results , Respect others' achievements

(3) Save paper space , Avoid data accumulation
Cite references appropriately , Avoid introducing others' work too much , Avoid general statements and data accumulation .

(4) Easy for readers to find , Achieve resource sharing .

2. The principle of description
(1) Only the latest documents necessary are described .
(2) Adopt standardized description format . Each journal has its own regulations , You can read the document description format of relevant journals before submission .
(3) Generally, only published documents are described .

3. Annotation method
The annotation method of references in the text can be sequential coding or author — Publishing year , Accordingly, the reference list at the end of the article is coded in order or by - Annual publishing organization .

(1) The citation of sequential coding system is marked with serial number , The list of references is listed in the order of citation. When multiple references are cited at the same place , Just list all in square brackets , for example ： Use a variety of optimization models [3,5,12—15].

(2) When references are the subject , for example : And the literature [6,7] The analysis in is consistent . When quoting English names , We should pay attention to the unity and particularity of the expression form of document names . If the author's last name is the same , Then write the full name , Such as "LEE Y S" and "LEE C W”.