typedef struct buftag
{
	RelFileNode rnode;			/* physical relation identifier */
  
    typedef struct RelFileNode
    {
	    Oid			spcNode;		/* tablespace */
	    Oid			dbNode;			/* database */
	    Oid			relNode;		/* relation */
    } RelFileNode;
  
	ForkNumber	forkNum;    // tables, freespace maps and visibility maps are defined in 0, 1 and 2
	BlockNumber blockNum;		/* blknum relative to begin of reln */
} BufferTag;

void
InitBufTable(int size)
{
	HASHCTL		info;

	/* assume no locking is needed yet */

	/* BufferTag maps to Buffer */
	info.keysize = sizeof(BufferTag);
	info.entrysize = sizeof(BufferLookupEnt);
	info.num_partitions = NUM_BUFFER_PARTITIONS;

	SharedBufHash = ShmemInitHash("Shared Buffer Lookup Table",
								  size, size,
								  &info,
								  HASH_ELEM | HASH_BLOBS | HASH_PARTITION);
}

void
InitBufferPool(void)
{
	bool		foundBufs,
				foundDescs,
				foundIOLocks,
				foundBufCkpt;

	/* Align descriptors to a cacheline boundary. */
	BufferDescriptors = (BufferDescPadded *)
		ShmemInitStruct("Buffer Descriptors",
						NBuffers * sizeof(BufferDescPadded),
						&foundDescs);
...

typedef union BufferDescPadded
{
	BufferDesc	bufferdesc;
	char		pad[BUFFERDESC_PAD_TO_SIZE];
} BufferDescPadded;

/*
 *	BufferDesc -- shared descriptor/state data for a single shared buffer.
 *
 * Note: Buffer header lock (BM_LOCKED flag) must be held to examine or change
【 Add BM_LOCKED（Buffer header lock） Lock can read and write tag、state、wait_backend_pid】

 * the tag, state or wait_backend_pid fields.  In general, buffer header lock
 * is a spinlock which is combined with flags, refcount and usagecount into
 * single atomic variable.  This layout allow us to do some operations in a
 * single atomic operation, without actually acquiring and releasing spinlock;
 * for instance, increase or decrease refcount.  buf_id field never changes
 * after initialization, so does not need locking.  freeNext is protected by
 * the buffer_strategy_lock not buffer header lock.  The LWLock can take care
 * of itself.  The buffer header lock is *not* used to control access to the
 * data in the buffer!
 *
 * It's assumed that nobody changes the state field while buffer header lock
 * is held.  Thus buffer header lock holder can do complex updates of the
 * state variable in single write, simultaneously with lock release (cleaning
 * BM_LOCKED flag).  On the other hand, updating of state without holding
 * buffer header lock is restricted to CAS, which insure that BM_LOCKED flag
 * is not set.  Atomic increment/decrement, OR/AND etc. are not allowed.
 *
 【 hypothesis BM_LOCKED（Buffer header lock） When held , Others cannot update state】
 【 Then the person who holds the lock can state Do a lot of updates , Then release the lock 】
 
 * An exception is that if we have the buffer pinned, its tag can't change
 * underneath us, so we can examine the tag without locking the buffer header.
 * Also, in places we do one-time reads of the flags without bothering to
 * lock the buffer header; this is generally for situations where we don't
 * expect the flag bit being tested to be changing.
 *
 * We can't physically remove items from a disk page if another backend has
 * the buffer pinned.  Hence, a backend may need to wait for all other pins
 * to go away.  This is signaled by storing its own PID into
 * wait_backend_pid and setting flag bit BM_PIN_COUNT_WAITER.  At present,
 * there can be only one such waiter per buffer.
 *
 * We use this same struct for local buffer headers, but the locks are not
 * used and not all of the flag bits are useful either. To avoid unnecessary
 * overhead, manipulations of the state field should be done without actual
 * atomic operations (i.e. only pg_atomic_read_u32() and
 * pg_atomic_unlocked_write_u32()).
 *
 * Be careful to avoid increasing the size of the struct when adding or
 * reordering members.  Keeping it below 64 bytes (the most common CPU
 * cache line size) is fairly important for performance.
 */
typedef struct BufferDesc
{
	BufferTag	tag;			/* ID of page contained in buffer */
	int			buf_id;			/* buffer's index number (from 0) */

	/* state of the tag, containing flags, refcount and usagecount */
	pg_atomic_uint32 state;

	int			wait_backend_pid;	/* backend PID of pin-count waiter */
	int			freeNext;		/* link in freelist chain */

	LWLock		content_lock;	/* to lock access to buffer contents */
} BufferDesc;

...
BufferDescPadded *BufferDescriptors;
...
  
  
void
InitBufferPool(void)
{
	bool		foundBufs,
				foundDescs,
				foundIOLocks,
				foundBufCkpt;

	/* Align descriptors to a cacheline boundary. */
	BufferDescriptors = (BufferDescPadded *)
		ShmemInitStruct("Buffer Descriptors",
						NBuffers * sizeof(BufferDescPadded),
						&foundDescs);
...
...
		/*
		 * Initialize all the buffer headers.
		 */
		for (i = 0; i < NBuffers; i++)
		{
			BufferDesc *buf = GetBufferDescriptor(i);

			CLEAR_BUFFERTAG(buf->tag);

			pg_atomic_init_u32(&buf->state, 0);
			buf->wait_backend_pid = 0;

			buf->buf_id = i;

			/*
			 * Initially link all the buffers together as unused. Subsequent
			 * management of this list is done by freelist.c.
			 */
			buf->freeNext = i + 1;

			LWLockInitialize(BufferDescriptorGetContentLock(buf),
							 LWTRANCHE_BUFFER_CONTENT);

			LWLockInitialize(BufferDescriptorGetIOLock(buf),
							 LWTRANCHE_BUFFER_IO_IN_PROGRESS);
		}
...
...

	BufferBlocks = (char *)
		ShmemInitStruct("Buffer Blocks",
						NBuffers * (Size) BLCKSZ, &foundBufs);

LockBufHdr(bufferdesc);    /* Acquire a spinlock */
bufferdesc->refcont++;
bufferdesc->usage_count++;
UnlockBufHdr(bufferdesc); /* Release the spinlock */

#define BM_DIRTY             (1 << 0)    /* data needs writing */
#define BM_VALID             (1 << 1)    /* data is valid */
#define BM_TAG_VALID         (1 << 2)    /* tag is assigned */
#define BM_IO_IN_PROGRESS    (1 << 3)    /* read or write in progress */
#define BM_JUST_DIRTIED      (1 << 5)    /* dirtied since write started */

LockBufHdr(bufferdesc);
bufferdesc->flags |= BM_DIRTY;
UnlockBufHdr(bufferdesc);

typedef enum BufferAccessStrategyType
{
	BAS_NORMAL,					/* Normal random access */
	BAS_BULKREAD,				/* Large read-only scan (hint bit updates are
								 * ok) */
	BAS_BULKWRITE,				/* Large multi-block write (e.g. COPY IN) */
	BAS_VACUUM					/* VACUUM */
} BufferAccessStrategyType;

/*
 * The shared freelist control information.
 */
typedef struct
{
	/* Spinlock: protects the values below */
  
  //  spinlocks , To protect the members below 
	slock_t		buffer_strategy_lock;

	/*
	 * Clock sweep hand: index of next buffer to consider grabbing. Note that
	 * this isn't a concrete buffer - we only ever increase the value. So, to
	 * get an actual buffer, it needs to be used modulo NBuffers.
	 */
  
  //  Next traverse position 
	pg_atomic_uint32 nextVictimBuffer;

  //  Free buffer The head of the chain 
	int			firstFreeBuffer;	/* Head of list of unused buffers */
  
  //  Free buffer The tail of the list 
	int			lastFreeBuffer; /* Tail of list of unused buffers */

	/*
	 * NOTE: lastFreeBuffer is undefined when firstFreeBuffer is -1 (that is,
	 * when the list is empty)
	 */

	/*
	 * Statistics.  These counters should be wide enough that they can't
	 * overflow during a single bgwriter cycle.
	 */
  
  //  Record the number of times the array is traversed 
	uint32		completePasses; /* Complete cycles of the clock sweep */
	pg_atomic_uint32 numBufferAllocs;	/* Buffers allocated since last reset */

	/*
	 * Bgworker process to be notified upon activity or -1 if none. See
	 * StrategyNotifyBgWriter.
	 */
	int			bgwprocno;
} BufferStrategyControl;

typedef struct BufferDesc
{
	BufferTag	tag;			/* ID of page contained in buffer */
	int			buf_id;			/* buffer's index number (from 0) */

	/* state of the tag, containing flags, refcount and usagecount */
	pg_atomic_uint32 state;

	int			wait_backend_pid;	/* backend PID of pin-count waiter */
	int			freeNext;		/* link in freelist chain */

	LWLock		content_lock;	/* to lock access to buffer contents */
} BufferDesc;

/*
 * Buffer state is a single 32-bit variable where following data is combined.
 *
 * - 18 bits refcount 
【 The process itself uses an array + The hash table is used as the second level cache pined, Record the result of the last refresh here 】
 * - 4 bits usage count
 * - 10 bits of flags
 *
 * Combining these values allows to perform some operations without locking
 * the buffer header, by modifying them together with a CAS loop.
 *
 * The definition of buffer state components is below.
 */
#define BUF_REFCOUNT_ONE 1
#define BUF_REFCOUNT_MASK ((1U << 18) - 1)
#define BUF_USAGECOUNT_MASK 0x003C0000U
#define BUF_USAGECOUNT_ONE (1U << 18)
#define BUF_USAGECOUNT_SHIFT 18
#define BUF_FLAG_MASK 0xFFC00000U

/* Get refcount and usagecount from buffer state */
#define BUF_STATE_GET_REFCOUNT(state) ((state) & BUF_REFCOUNT_MASK)
#define BUF_STATE_GET_USAGECOUNT(state) (((state) & BUF_USAGECOUNT_MASK) >> BUF_USAGECOUNT_SHIFT)

typedef struct PrivateRefCountEntry
{
	Buffer		buffer;
	int32		refcount;
} PrivateRefCountEntry;

/*
 * Backend-Private refcount management:
 *
 * Each buffer also has a private refcount that keeps track of the number of
 * times the buffer is pinned in the current process.  This is so that the
 * shared refcount needs to be modified only once if a buffer is pinned more
 * than once by an individual backend.  It's also used to check that no buffers
 * are still pinned at the end of transactions and when exiting.
【 The current process is recorded in private memory ： The use of buffer times pin How many times 】
【 function 1： So if the current process pin Many times , Finally, in the shared memory, you only need pin once 】
【 function 2： Also used to check when the transaction ends 、 The process exited without pin Resident buffer】
 *
 * To avoid - as we used to - requiring an array with NBuffers entries to keep
 * track of local buffers, we use a small sequentially searched array
 * (PrivateRefCountArray) and an overflow hash table (PrivateRefCountHash) to
 * keep track of backend local pins.
 *
【 To avoid using NBuffers A large array of elements to track local pin cache , Here we use a 8 Array of elements + One overflow Hash table to record pin】

 * Until no more than REFCOUNT_ARRAY_ENTRIES buffers are pinned at once, all
 * refcounts are kept track of in the array; after that, new array entries
 * displace old ones into the hash table. That way a frequently used entry
 * can't get "stuck" in the hashtable while infrequent ones clog the array.
 *
 * Note that in most scenarios the number of pinned buffers will not exceed
 * REFCOUNT_ARRAY_ENTRIES.
【pinned No more than 8 A couple of times ago , be-all refcounts Will be tracked in the array , Another new pin Will replace the old one into the hash table 】
【 In this way, the frequently used ones will always be in the array , Less commonly used ones will be in the hash table 】

 *
 *
 * To enter a buffer into the refcount tracking mechanism first reserve a free
 * entry using ReservePrivateRefCountEntry() and then later, if necessary,
 * fill it with NewPrivateRefCountEntry(). That split lets us avoid doing
 * memory allocations in NewPrivateRefCountEntry() which can be important
 * because in some scenarios it's called with a spinlock held...
【 To use this cache tracking mechanism , First use ReservePrivateRefCountEntry Reserve a free array location 】
【 Use... When using NewPrivateRefCountEntry Fill this position 】
【 Why split ？ To avoid the ReservePrivateRefCountEntry Do memory allocation , Because sometimes I hold it spinlock Call this function 】
 */

// 【 First level cache 】：8 Elements 
static struct PrivateRefCountEntry PrivateRefCountArray[REFCOUNT_ARRAY_ENTRIES];
//  Free space index
static uint32 PrivateRefCountClock = 0;
//  Point to the empty position in the array 
static PrivateRefCountEntry *ReservedRefCountEntry = NULL;



// 【 Second level cache 】：key=buffer_id  value=PrivateRefCountEntry
static HTAB *PrivateRefCountHash = NULL;
//  The hash table contains entry Number of 
static int32 PrivateRefCountOverflowed = 0;

...
void
InitBufferPoolAccess(void)
{
	HASHCTL		hash_ctl;

	memset(&PrivateRefCountArray, 0, sizeof(PrivateRefCountArray));

	MemSet(&hash_ctl, 0, sizeof(hash_ctl));
	hash_ctl.keysize = sizeof(int32);
	hash_ctl.entrysize = sizeof(PrivateRefCountEntry);

	PrivateRefCountHash = hash_create("PrivateRefCount", 100, &hash_ctl,
									  HASH_ELEM | HASH_BLOBS);
}

static void
ReservePrivateRefCountEntry(void)
{
	/* Already reserved (or freed), nothing to do */
	if (ReservedRefCountEntry != NULL)
		return;

	/*
	 * First search for a free entry the array, that'll be sufficient in the
	 * majority of cases.
	 */
	{
		int			i;

		for (i = 0; i < REFCOUNT_ARRAY_ENTRIES; i++)
		{
			PrivateRefCountEntry *res;

			res = &PrivateRefCountArray[i];

			if (res->buffer == InvalidBuffer)
			{
				ReservedRefCountEntry = res;
				return;
			}
		}
	}

	/*
	 * No luck. All array entries are full. Move one array entry into the hash
	 * table.
	 */
	{
		/*
		 * Move entry from the current clock position in the array into the
		 * hashtable. Use that slot.
		 */
		PrivateRefCountEntry *hashent;
		bool		found;

		/* select victim slot */
		ReservedRefCountEntry =
			&PrivateRefCountArray[PrivateRefCountClock++ % REFCOUNT_ARRAY_ENTRIES];

		/* Better be used, otherwise we shouldn't get here. */
		Assert(ReservedRefCountEntry->buffer != InvalidBuffer);

		/* enter victim array entry into hashtable */
		hashent = hash_search(PrivateRefCountHash,
							  (void *) &(ReservedRefCountEntry->buffer),
							  HASH_ENTER,
							  &found);
		Assert(!found);
		hashent->refcount = ReservedRefCountEntry->refcount;

		/* clear the now free array slot */
		ReservedRefCountEntry->buffer = InvalidBuffer;
		ReservedRefCountEntry->refcount = 0;

		PrivateRefCountOverflowed++;
	}
}

static PrivateRefCountEntry *
NewPrivateRefCountEntry(Buffer buffer)
{
	PrivateRefCountEntry *res;

	/* only allowed to be called when a reservation has been made */
	Assert(ReservedRefCountEntry != NULL);

	/* use up the reserved entry */
	res = ReservedRefCountEntry;
	ReservedRefCountEntry = NULL;

	/* and fill it */
	res->buffer = buffer;
	res->refcount = 0;

	return res;
}

static PrivateRefCountEntry *
GetPrivateRefCountEntry(Buffer buffer, bool do_move)
{
	PrivateRefCountEntry *res;
	int			i;

	Assert(BufferIsValid(buffer));
	Assert(!BufferIsLocal(buffer));

	/*
	 * First search for references in the array, that'll be sufficient in the
	 * majority of cases.
	 */
	for (i = 0; i < REFCOUNT_ARRAY_ENTRIES; i++)
	{
		res = &PrivateRefCountArray[i];

		if (res->buffer == buffer)
			return res;
	}

	/*
	 * By here we know that the buffer, if already pinned, isn't residing in
	 * the array.
	 *
	 * Only look up the buffer in the hashtable if we've previously overflowed
	 * into it.
	 */
	if (PrivateRefCountOverflowed == 0)
		return NULL;

	res = hash_search(PrivateRefCountHash,
					  (void *) &buffer,
					  HASH_FIND,
					  NULL);

	if (res == NULL)
		return NULL;
	else if (!do_move)
	{
		/* caller doesn't want us to move the hash entry into the array */
		return res;
	}
	else
	{
		/* move buffer from hashtable into the free array slot */
		bool		found;
		PrivateRefCountEntry *free;

		/* Ensure there's a free array slot */
		ReservePrivateRefCountEntry();

		/* Use up the reserved slot */
		Assert(ReservedRefCountEntry != NULL);
		free = ReservedRefCountEntry;
		ReservedRefCountEntry = NULL;
		Assert(free->buffer == InvalidBuffer);

		/* and fill it */
		free->buffer = buffer;
		free->refcount = res->refcount;

		/* delete from hashtable */
		hash_search(PrivateRefCountHash,
					(void *) &buffer,
					HASH_REMOVE,
					&found);
		Assert(found);
		Assert(PrivateRefCountOverflowed > 0);
		PrivateRefCountOverflowed--;

		return free;
	}
}

/*
 * ReadBufferExtended -- returns a buffer containing the requested
 *		block of the requested relation.  If the blknum
 *		requested is P_NEW, extend the relation file and
 *		allocate a new block.  (Caller is responsible for
 *		ensuring that only one backend tries to extend a
 *		relation at the same time!)
【 Return requested PAGE, If blknum==P_NEW, Expand the table file to apply for a new page to read into memory 】

 *
 * Returns: the buffer number for the buffer containing
 *		the block read.  The returned buffer has been pinned.
 *		Does not return on error --- elog's instead.
 *
【 Return requested 、 Available pages , Note that this page has PIN 了 】

 * Assume when this function is called, that reln has been opened already.
 *
 * In RBM_NORMAL mode, the page is read from disk, and the page header is
 * validated.  An error is thrown if the page header is not valid.  (But
 * note that an all-zero page is considered "valid"; see PageIsVerified().)
 
 【RBM_NORMAL Pattern , The page is read from the disk and verified page header】
 
 * RBM_ZERO_ON_ERROR is like the normal mode, but if the page header is not
 * valid, the page is zeroed instead of throwing an error. This is intended
 * for non-critical data, where the caller is prepared to repair errors.
 *
 【RBM_ZERO_ON_ERROR Pattern , If page header Validation failed , Clear directly without error , Applicable to non core data scenarios 】
 
 * In RBM_ZERO_AND_LOCK mode, if the page isn't in buffer cache already, it's
 * filled with zeros instead of reading it from disk.  Useful when the caller
 * is going to fill the page from scratch, since this saves I/O and avoids
 * unnecessary failure if the page-on-disk has corrupt page headers.
 * The page is returned locked to ensure that the caller has a chance to
 * initialize the page before it's made visible to others.
 * Caution: do not use this mode to read a page that is beyond the relation's
 * current physical EOF; that is likely to cause problems in md.c when
 * the page is modified and written out. P_NEW is OK, though.
 
 【RBM_ZERO_AND_LOCK High performance mode ： The page is not in the buffer , Do not read from disk , Directly fill in 0. Page locking prevents others from reading a bunch of things before initialization 0】
 
 * RBM_ZERO_AND_CLEANUP_LOCK is the same as RBM_ZERO_AND_LOCK, but acquires
 * a cleanup-strength lock on the page.
 *
 * RBM_NORMAL_NO_LOG mode is treated the same as RBM_NORMAL here.
 *
 * If strategy is not NULL, a nondefault buffer access strategy is used.
 * See buffer/README for details.
 */
Buffer
ReadBufferExtended(Relation reln, ForkNumber forkNum, BlockNumber blockNum,
				   ReadBufferMode mode, BufferAccessStrategy strategy)
{
	bool		hit;
	Buffer		buf;

	/* Open it at the smgr level if not already done */
	RelationOpenSmgr(reln);

	/*
	 * Reject attempts to read non-local temporary relations; we would be
	 * likely to get wrong data since we have no visibility into the owning
	 * session's local buffers.
	 */
	if (RELATION_IS_OTHER_TEMP(reln))
		ereport(ERROR,
				(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
				 errmsg("cannot access temporary tables of other sessions")));

	/*
	 * Read the buffer, and update pgstat counters to reflect a cache hit or
	 * miss.
	 */
	pgstat_count_buffer_read(reln);
	buf = ReadBuffer_common(reln->rd_smgr, reln->rd_rel->relpersistence,
							forkNum, blockNum, mode, strategy, &hit);
	if (hit)
		pgstat_count_buffer_hit(reln);
	return buf;
}

/*
 * ReadBuffer_common -- common logic for all ReadBuffer variants
 *
 * *hit is set to true if the request was satisfied from shared buffer cache.
 */
static Buffer
ReadBuffer_common(SMgrRelation smgr, char relpersistence, ForkNumber forkNum,
				  BlockNumber blockNum, ReadBufferMode mode,
				  BufferAccessStrategy strategy, bool *hit)
{
...
...
		bufHdr = BufferAlloc(smgr, relpersistence, forkNum, blockNum,
							 strategy, &found);
...
...
}

/*
 * BufferAlloc -- subroutine for ReadBuffer.  Handles lookup of a shared
 *		buffer.  If no buffer exists already, selects a replacement
 *		victim and evicts the old page, but does NOT read in new page.
 *
【 Find one buffer, If one is not eliminated 】

 * "strategy" can be a buffer replacement strategy object, or NULL for
 * the default strategy.  The selected buffer's usage_count is advanced when
 * using the default strategy, but otherwise possibly not (see PinBuffer).
 *
 * The returned buffer is pinned and is already marked as holding the
 * desired page.  If it already did have the desired page, *foundPtr is
 * set TRUE.  Otherwise, *foundPtr is set FALSE and the buffer is marked
 * as IO_IN_PROGRESS; ReadBuffer will now need to do I/O to fill it.
 *
【 Back to buffer Meeting pin live , And the page data has been filled and available 】
【 If the page already exists in the buffer , Go straight back to 】
【 If not, put foundPtr=false,buffer Marked as IO_IN_PROGRESS, Upper level functions “ There is no need to ” Doing it IO】

 * *foundPtr is actually redundant with the buffer's BM_VALID flag, but
 * we keep it for simplicity in ReadBuffer.
 *
 * No locks are held either at entry or exit.
 */
static BufferDesc *
BufferAlloc(SMgrRelation smgr, char relpersistence, ForkNumber forkNum,
			BlockNumber blockNum,
			BufferAccessStrategy strategy,
			bool *foundPtr)
{
	BufferTag	newTag;			/* identity of requested block */
	uint32		newHash;		/* hash value for newTag */
	LWLock	   *newPartitionLock;	/* buffer partition lock for it */
	BufferTag	oldTag;			/* previous identity of selected buffer */
	uint32		oldHash;		/* hash value for oldTag */
	LWLock	   *oldPartitionLock;	/* buffer partition lock for it */
	uint32		oldFlags;
	int			buf_id;
	BufferDesc *buf;
	bool		valid;
	uint32		buf_state;

	/* create a tag so we can lookup the buffer */
	INIT_BUFFERTAG(newTag, smgr->smgr_rnode.node, forkNum, blockNum);

	/* determine its hash code and partition lock ID */
	newHash = BufTableHashCode(&newTag);

	newPartitionLock = BufMappingPartitionLock(newHash);

	/* see if the block is in the buffer pool already */
	LWLockAcquire(newPartitionLock, LW_SHARED);
	buf_id = BufTableLookup(&newTag, newHash);

【hash In the table tag --> buf_id, Found the description is already in buffer It's in 】
	if (buf_id >= 0)
	{
		/*
		 * Found it.  Now, pin the buffer so no one can steal it from the
		 * buffer pool, and check to see if the correct data has been loaded
		 * into the buffer.
		 */
【 eureka ！ direct pinbuffer】
		buf = GetBufferDescriptor(buf_id);

【 Here is the expansion analysis of this function , In shared memory desc And local cache ref_count do ++】
		valid = PinBuffer(buf, strategy);

		/* Can release the mapping lock as soon as we've pinned it */
【PIN You can put the lock when you live 】
		LWLockRelease(newPartitionLock);

		*foundPtr = TRUE;

【 Found in hash table , But after locking, I found that the page was unavailable , You need to reread the page 】
		if (!valid)
		{
			/*
			 * We can only get here if (a) someone else is still reading in
			 * the page, or (b) a previous read attempt failed.  We have to
			 * wait for any active read attempt to finish, and then set up our
			 * own read attempt if the page is still not BM_VALID.
			 * StartBufferIO does it all.
			 */
			if (StartBufferIO(buf, true))
			{
				/*
				 * If we get here, previous attempts to read the buffer must
				 * have failed ... but we shall bravely try again.
				 */
				*foundPtr = FALSE;
			}
		}

		return buf;
	}

【 Coming here means hash I can't find , It's not in the cache 】
	/*
	 * Didn't find it in the buffer pool.  We'll have to initialize a new
	 * buffer.  Remember to unlock the mapping lock while doing the work.
	 */
【 Need to initialize a new buffer, First put the lock on initialization 】
	LWLockRelease(newPartitionLock);

	/* Loop here in case we have to try another victim buffer */
	for (;;)
	{
		/*
		 * Ensure, while the spinlock's not yet held, that there's a free
		 * refcount entry.
		 */
【 Take one from the private L1 cache array （buffer_id,ref_count） Location 】
【 If there is no place , Swap out one to the L2 cache hash table , Then take out a position 】
		ReservePrivateRefCountEntry();

		/*
		 * Select a victim buffer.  The buffer is returned with its header
		 * spinlock still held!
		 */
【 Find one. buffer Location , return ID and buf_state, Look for the freelist There is no clocksweep Eliminate 】
【 There is an expansion under this function 】
		buf = StrategyGetBuffer(strategy, &buf_state);

		Assert(BUF_STATE_GET_REFCOUNT(buf_state) == 0);

		/* Must copy buffer flags while we still hold the spinlock */
		oldFlags = buf_state & BUF_FLAG_MASK;

		/* Pin the buffer and then release the buffer spinlock */
【 Both shared and local buffers ref all ++】
		PinBuffer_Locked(buf);

		/*
		 * If the buffer was dirty, try to write it out.  There is a race
		 * condition here, in that someone might dirty it after we released it
		 * above, or even while we are writing it out (since our share-lock
		 * won't prevent hint-bit updates).  We will recheck the dirty bit
		 * after re-locking the buffer header.
		 */
【 Need to brush dirty 】
		if (oldFlags & BM_DIRTY)
		{
			/*
			 * We need a share-lock on the buffer contents to write it out
			 * (else we might write invalid data, eg because someone else is
			 * compacting the page contents while we write).  We must use a
			 * conditional lock acquisition here to avoid deadlock.  Even
			 * though the buffer was not pinned (and therefore surely not
			 * locked) when StrategyGetBuffer returned it, someone else could
			 * have pinned and exclusive-locked it by the time we get here. If
			 * we try to get the lock unconditionally, we'd block waiting for
			 * them; if they later block waiting for us, deadlock ensues.
			 * (This has been observed to happen when two backends are both
			 * trying to split btree index pages, and the second one just
			 * happens to be trying to split the page the first one got from
			 * StrategyGetBuffer.)
			 */
			if (LWLockConditionalAcquire(BufferDescriptorGetContentLock(buf),
										 LW_SHARED))
			{
				/*
				 * If using a nondefault strategy, and writing the buffer
				 * would require a WAL flush, let the strategy decide whether
				 * to go ahead and write/reuse the buffer or to choose another
				 * victim.  We need lock to inspect the page LSN, so this
				 * can't be done inside StrategyGetBuffer.
				 */
				if (strategy != NULL)
				{
					XLogRecPtr	lsn;

					/* Read the LSN while holding buffer header lock */
					buf_state = LockBufHdr(buf);
					lsn = BufferGetLSN(buf);
					UnlockBufHdr(buf, buf_state);

					if (XLogNeedsFlush(lsn) &&
						StrategyRejectBuffer(strategy, buf))
					{
						/* Drop lock/pin and loop around for another buffer */
						LWLockRelease(BufferDescriptorGetContentLock(buf));
						UnpinBuffer(buf, true);
						continue;
					}
				}
				/* OK, do the I/O */
				TRACE_POSTGRESQL_BUFFER_WRITE_DIRTY_START(forkNum, blockNum,
														  smgr->smgr_rnode.node.spcNode,
														  smgr->smgr_rnode.node.dbNode,
														  smgr->smgr_rnode.node.relNode);

				FlushBuffer(buf, NULL);
				LWLockRelease(BufferDescriptorGetContentLock(buf));

				ScheduleBufferTagForWriteback(&BackendWritebackContext,
											  &buf->tag);

				TRACE_POSTGRESQL_BUFFER_WRITE_DIRTY_DONE(forkNum, blockNum,
														 smgr->smgr_rnode.node.spcNode,
														 smgr->smgr_rnode.node.dbNode,
														 smgr->smgr_rnode.node.relNode);
			}
			else
			{
				/*
				 * Someone else has locked the buffer, so give it up and loop
				 * back to get another one.
				 */
				UnpinBuffer(buf, true);
				continue;
			}
		}
【 The pieces you take out don't need to be dirty   Or the top has been painted 】

【 Then this piece TAG If BM_TAG_VALID, Add back to hash Inside the watch 】
		/*
		 * To change the association of a valid buffer, we'll need to have
		 * exclusive lock on both the old and new mapping partitions.
		 */
		if (oldFlags & BM_TAG_VALID)
		{
			/*
			 * Need to compute the old tag's hashcode and partition lock ID.
			 * XXX is it worth storing the hashcode in BufferDesc so we need
			 * not recompute it here?  Probably not.
			 */
			oldTag = buf->tag;
			oldHash = BufTableHashCode(&oldTag);
			oldPartitionLock = BufMappingPartitionLock(oldHash);

			/*
			 * Must lock the lower-numbered partition first to avoid
			 * deadlocks.
			 */
			if (oldPartitionLock < newPartitionLock)
			{
				LWLockAcquire(oldPartitionLock, LW_EXCLUSIVE);
				LWLockAcquire(newPartitionLock, LW_EXCLUSIVE);
			}
			else if (oldPartitionLock > newPartitionLock)
			{
				LWLockAcquire(newPartitionLock, LW_EXCLUSIVE);
				LWLockAcquire(oldPartitionLock, LW_EXCLUSIVE);
			}
			else
			{
				/* only one partition, only one lock */
				LWLockAcquire(newPartitionLock, LW_EXCLUSIVE);
			}
		}
		else
【 Otherwise, this old TAG It's invalid , Don't worry about the past , Just lock the new partition 】
		{
			/* if it wasn't valid, we need only the new partition */
			LWLockAcquire(newPartitionLock, LW_EXCLUSIVE);
			/* remember we have no old-partition lock or tag */
			oldPartitionLock = NULL;
			/* this just keeps the compiler quiet about uninit variables */
			oldHash = 0;
		}

		/*
		 * Try to make a hashtable entry for the buffer under its new tag.
		 * This could fail because while we were writing someone else
		 * allocated another buffer for the same block we want to read in.
		 * Note that we have not yet removed the hashtable entry for the old
		 * tag.
		 */
【 new TAG Insert hash table 】
		buf_id = BufTableInsert(&newTag, newHash, buf->buf_id);

		if (buf_id >= 0)
		{
			/*
			 * Got a collision. Someone has already done what we were about to
			 * do. We'll just handle this as if it were found in the buffer
			 * pool in the first place.  First, give up the buffer we were
			 * planning to use.
			 */
			UnpinBuffer(buf, true);

			/* Can give up that buffer's mapping partition lock now */
			if (oldPartitionLock != NULL &&
				oldPartitionLock != newPartitionLock)
				LWLockRelease(oldPartitionLock);

			/* remaining code should match code at top of routine */

			buf = GetBufferDescriptor(buf_id);

			valid = PinBuffer(buf, strategy);

			/* Can release the mapping lock as soon as we've pinned it */
			LWLockRelease(newPartitionLock);

			*foundPtr = TRUE;

			if (!valid)
			{
				/*
				 * We can only get here if (a) someone else is still reading
				 * in the page, or (b) a previous read attempt failed.  We
				 * have to wait for any active read attempt to finish, and
				 * then set up our own read attempt if the page is still not
				 * BM_VALID.  StartBufferIO does it all.
				 */
				if (StartBufferIO(buf, true))
				{
					/*
					 * If we get here, previous attempts to read the buffer
					 * must have failed ... but we shall bravely try again.
					 */
					*foundPtr = FALSE;
				}
			}

			return buf;
		}

		/*
		 * Need to lock the buffer header too in order to change its tag.
		 */
		buf_state = LockBufHdr(buf);

		/*
		 * Somebody could have pinned or re-dirtied the buffer while we were
		 * doing the I/O and making the new hashtable entry.  If so, we can't
		 * recycle this buffer; we must undo everything we've done and start
		 * over with a new victim buffer.
		 */
		oldFlags = buf_state & BUF_FLAG_MASK;
		if (BUF_STATE_GET_REFCOUNT(buf_state) == 1 && !(oldFlags & BM_DIRTY))
			break;

		UnlockBufHdr(buf, buf_state);
		BufTableDelete(&newTag, newHash);
		if (oldPartitionLock != NULL &&
			oldPartitionLock != newPartitionLock)
			LWLockRelease(oldPartitionLock);
		LWLockRelease(newPartitionLock);
		UnpinBuffer(buf, true);
	}

	/*
	 * Okay, it's finally safe to rename the buffer.
	 *
	 * Clearing BM_VALID here is necessary, clearing the dirtybits is just
	 * paranoia.  We also reset the usage_count since any recency of use of
	 * the old content is no longer relevant.  (The usage_count starts out at
	 * 1 so that the buffer can survive one clock-sweep pass.)
	 *
	 * Make sure BM_PERMANENT is set for buffers that must be written at every
	 * checkpoint.  Unlogged buffers only need to be written at shutdown
	 * checkpoints, except for their "init" forks, which need to be treated
	 * just like permanent relations.
	 */
	buf->tag = newTag;
	buf_state &= ~(BM_VALID | BM_DIRTY | BM_JUST_DIRTIED |
				   BM_CHECKPOINT_NEEDED | BM_IO_ERROR | BM_PERMANENT |
				   BUF_USAGECOUNT_MASK);
	if (relpersistence == RELPERSISTENCE_PERMANENT || forkNum == INIT_FORKNUM)
		buf_state |= BM_TAG_VALID | BM_PERMANENT | BUF_USAGECOUNT_ONE;
	else
		buf_state |= BM_TAG_VALID | BUF_USAGECOUNT_ONE;

	UnlockBufHdr(buf, buf_state);

【 If you are old TAG There are effective , It needs to be deleted from the hash table 】
	if (oldPartitionLock != NULL)
	{
		BufTableDelete(&oldTag, oldHash);
		if (oldPartitionLock != newPartitionLock)
			LWLockRelease(oldPartitionLock);
	}

	LWLockRelease(newPartitionLock);

	/*
	 * Buffer contents are currently invalid.  Try to get the io_in_progress
	 * lock.  If StartBufferIO returns false, then someone else managed to
	 * read it before we did, so there's nothing left for BufferAlloc() to do.
	 */
	if (StartBufferIO(buf, true))
		*foundPtr = FALSE;
	else
		*foundPtr = TRUE;

	return buf;
}

static bool
PinBuffer(BufferDesc *buf, BufferAccessStrategy strategy)
{
	Buffer		b = BufferDescriptorGetBuffer(buf);

	bool		result;
	PrivateRefCountEntry *ref;
【 Look in the two-level cache of numbers and hash tables （buffer_id, ref_count）】
	ref = GetPrivateRefCountEntry(b, true);

	if (ref == NULL)
	{
		uint32		buf_state;
		uint32		old_buf_state;
【 Failed to apply for one in the array , If the array is full 8 Kick one into the hash table 】
		ReservePrivateRefCountEntry();
    
【 In the array b Fill in 】
		ref = NewPrivateRefCountEntry(b);
    
【 to update buf->state】
		old_buf_state = pg_atomic_read_u32(&buf->state);
		for (;;)
		{
 
【 If locked , Poll and bring out the new status 】
			if (old_buf_state & BM_LOCKED)
				old_buf_state = WaitBufHdrUnlocked(buf);

			buf_state = old_buf_state;

			/* increase refcount */
			buf_state += BUF_REFCOUNT_ONE;

 【 here strategy == NULL Refers to clock sweep Normal elimination , Otherwise, use ring buffer For batch reading and writing data 】
			if (strategy == NULL)
			{
				/* Default case: increase usagecount unless already max. */
				if (BUF_STATE_GET_USAGECOUNT(buf_state) < BM_MAX_USAGE_COUNT)
					buf_state += BUF_USAGECOUNT_ONE;
			}
			else
			{
				/*
				 * Ring buffers shouldn't evict others from pool.  Thus we
				 * don't make usagecount more than 1.
				 */
				if (BUF_STATE_GET_USAGECOUNT(buf_state) == 0)
					buf_state += BUF_USAGECOUNT_ONE;
			}

			if (pg_atomic_compare_exchange_u32(&buf->state, &old_buf_state,
											   buf_state))
			{
				result = (buf_state & BM_VALID) != 0;
				break;
			}
		}
	}
	else
【 If already pin 了 , The local refcount++ that will do , For shared memory desc Come on , A process pin How many times is once 】
	{
		/* If we previously pinned the buffer, it must surely be valid */
		result = true;
	}

	ref->refcount++;
	Assert(ref->refcount > 0);
	ResourceOwnerRememberBuffer(CurrentResourceOwner, b);
	return result;
}

/*
 * StrategyGetBuffer
 *
 *	Called by the bufmgr to get the next candidate buffer to use in
 *	BufferAlloc(). The only hard requirement BufferAlloc() has is that
 *	the selected buffer must not currently be pinned by anyone.
 *
 *	strategy is a BufferAccessStrategy object, or NULL for default strategy.
 *
 *	To ensure that no one else can pin the buffer before we do, we must
 *	return the buffer with the buffer header spinlock still held.
 */
BufferDesc *
StrategyGetBuffer(BufferAccessStrategy strategy, uint32 *buf_state)
{
	BufferDesc *buf;
	int			bgwprocno;
	int			trycounter;
	uint32		local_buf_state;	/* to avoid repeated (de-)referencing */

	/*
	 * If given a strategy object, see whether it can select a buffer. We
	 * assume strategy objects don't need buffer_strategy_lock.
	 */

【 If strategy Not empty , Explain go ring buffer,strategy The structure is equipped with ring buffer Although it has structure 】
	if (strategy != NULL)
	{
		buf = GetBufferFromRing(strategy, buf_state);
		if (buf != NULL)
			return buf;
	}

	/*
	 * If asked, we need to waken the bgwriter. Since we don't want to rely on
	 * a spinlock for this we force a read from shared memory once, and then
	 * set the latch based on that value. We need to go through that length
	 * because otherwise bgprocno might be reset while/after we check because
	 * the compiler might just reread from memory.
	 *
	 * This can possibly set the latch of the wrong process if the bgwriter
	 * dies in the wrong moment. But since PGPROC->procLatch is never
	 * deallocated the worst consequence of that is that we set the latch of
	 * some arbitrary process.
	 */

【StrategyControl This is clocksweep Core algorithm data structure , There is an introduction above 】
  // (gdb) p	*StrategyControl
// $6 = {buffer_strategy_lock = 0 '\000', nextVictimBuffer = {value = 0}, firstFreeBuffer = 324, lastFreeBuffer = 16383, completePasses = 0, numBufferAllocs = {value = 0}, bgwprocno = 113}
	bgwprocno = INT_ACCESS_ONCE(StrategyControl->bgwprocno);
	if (bgwprocno != -1)
	{
		/* reset bgwprocno first, before setting the latch */
		StrategyControl->bgwprocno = -1;

		/*
		 * Not acquiring ProcArrayLock here which is slightly icky. It's
		 * actually fine because procLatch isn't ever freed, so we just can
		 * potentially set the wrong process' (or no process') latch.
		 */
		SetLatch(&ProcGlobal->allProcs[bgwprocno].procLatch);
	}

	/*
	 * We count buffer allocation requests so that the bgwriter can estimate
	 * the rate of buffer consumption.  Note that buffers recycled by a
	 * strategy object are intentionally not counted here.
	 */
	pg_atomic_fetch_add_u32(&StrategyControl->numBufferAllocs, 1);

	/*
	 * First check, without acquiring the lock, whether there's buffers in the
	 * freelist. Since we otherwise don't require the spinlock in every
	 * StrategyGetBuffer() invocation, it'd be sad to acquire it here -
	 * uselessly in most cases. That obviously leaves a race where a buffer is
	 * put on the freelist but we don't see the store yet - but that's pretty
	 * harmless, it'll just get used during the next buffer acquisition.
	 *
	 * If there's buffers on the freelist, acquire the spinlock to pop one
	 * buffer of the freelist. Then check whether that buffer is usable and
	 * repeat if not.
	 *
	 * Note that the freeNext fields are considered to be protected by the
	 * buffer_strategy_lock not the individual buffer spinlocks, so it's OK to
	 * manipulate them without holding the spinlock.
	 */
	if (StrategyControl->firstFreeBuffer >= 0)
	{
		while (true)
		{
			/* Acquire the spinlock to remove element from the freelist */
			SpinLockAcquire(&StrategyControl->buffer_strategy_lock);
      
【 This is a critical scenario ,firstFreeBuffer above >0 But maybe the lock was used up after I came in 】
			if (StrategyControl->firstFreeBuffer < 0)
			{
				SpinLockRelease(&StrategyControl->buffer_strategy_lock);
				break;
			}

			buf = GetBufferDescriptor(StrategyControl->firstFreeBuffer);
			Assert(buf->freeNext != FREENEXT_NOT_IN_LIST);

【freelist One of the first desc Not in the linked list ： 1、 Header pointer modification  2、 It came out of it desc Of freeNext invalid 】
			/* Unconditionally remove buffer from freelist */
			StrategyControl->firstFreeBuffer = buf->freeNext;
			buf->freeNext = FREENEXT_NOT_IN_LIST;

			/*
			 * Release the lock so someone else can access the freelist while
			 * we check out this buffer.
			 */
			SpinLockRelease(&StrategyControl->buffer_strategy_lock);

			/*
			 * If the buffer is pinned or has a nonzero usage_count, we cannot
			 * use it; discard it and retry.  (This can only happen if VACUUM
			 * put a valid buffer in the freelist and then someone else used
			 * it before we got to it.  It's probably impossible altogether as
			 * of 8.3, but we'd better check anyway.)
			 */
【 Get state And lock BM_LOCKED】
			local_buf_state = LockBufHdr(buf);

【 It's unlikely to fail here , Equivalent to doing an anomaly detection 】
【 Failure can only be vacuum Put one in , Others got it before us and used it directly 】
			if (BUF_STATE_GET_REFCOUNT(local_buf_state) == 0
				&& BUF_STATE_GET_USAGECOUNT(local_buf_state) == 0)
			{
				if (strategy != NULL)
					AddBufferToRing(strategy, buf);
				*buf_state = local_buf_state;
				return buf;
			}
			UnlockBufHdr(buf, local_buf_state);

		}
	}
  
【 Come here to explain freelist There is nothing to use , Need to be eliminated 】

	/* Nothing on the freelist, so run the "clock sweep" algorithm */
	trycounter = NBuffers;
	for (;;)
	{
【ClockSweepTick The function takes StrategyControl->nextVictimBuffer】
【 Because to ensure atomicity , So I wrote a big lump 】
  
【 The following loop logic is relatively simple , Traverse all of buffer, Did you find pinned Of 】
【 look for usage_count==0 Return , Traverse it buffer Of usage_count Metropolis --, So the first round did not traverse 5 There must be 】
【usage_count The upper limit is 5 了 , Prevent involution ～】
		buf = GetBufferDescriptor(ClockSweepTick());

		/*
		 * If the buffer is pinned or has a nonzero usage_count, we cannot use
		 * it; decrement the usage_count (unless pinned) and keep scanning.
		 */
		local_buf_state = LockBufHdr(buf);

		if (BUF_STATE_GET_REFCOUNT(local_buf_state) == 0)
		{
			if (BUF_STATE_GET_USAGECOUNT(local_buf_state) != 0)
			{
				local_buf_state -= BUF_USAGECOUNT_ONE;

				trycounter = NBuffers;
			}
			else
			{
				/* Found a usable buffer */
				if (strategy != NULL)
					AddBufferToRing(strategy, buf);
				*buf_state = local_buf_state;
				return buf;
			}
		}
		else if (--trycounter == 0)
		{
			/*
			 * We've scanned all the buffers without making any state changes,
			 * so all the buffers are pinned (or were when we looked at them).
			 * We could hope that someone will free one eventually, but it's
			 * probably better to fail than to risk getting stuck in an
			 * infinite loop.
			 */
			UnlockBufHdr(buf, local_buf_state);
			elog(ERROR, "no unpinned buffers available");
		}
		UnlockBufHdr(buf, local_buf_state);
	}
}